Table 3. Associations between lifestyles and overweight in girls aged 12–13 (n = 2911).
| Variables | Not overweight (n = 2507) n (%) |
Overweight (n = 404) n (%) |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
| OR (95%CI) | P value | OR (95%CI) | P value | OR (95%CI) | P value | |||
| Father | ||||||||
| Overweight | 746 (29.8) | 182 (45.0) | 1.84 (1.49–2.31) | <0.001 | — | — | 1.89 (1.50–2.38) | <0.001 |
| Not overweight | 1761 (70.2) | 222 (55.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Mother | ||||||||
| Overweight | 260 (10.4) | 116 (28.7) | 3.39 (2.63–4.37) | <0.001 | — | — | 3.03 (2.30–3.98) | <0.001 |
| Not overweight | 2247 (89.6) | 288 (71.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Breakfast | ||||||||
| Daily | 2219 (88.5) | 335 (82.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Almost daily | 216 (8.6) | 43 (10.6) | 1.32 (0.93–1.86) | 0.119 | 1.32 (0.92–1.88) | 0.133 | 1.19 (0.81–1.76) | 0.373 |
| Sometimes | 60 (2.4) | 17 (4.2) | 1.88 (1.08–3.26) | 0.025 | 1.96 (1.11–3.45) | 0.020 | 1.76 (0.95–3.26) | 0.073 |
| Rarely | 12 (0.5) | 9 (2.2) | 4.96 (2.08–11.87) | <0.001 | 5.14 (2.10–12.57) | <0.001 | 7.93 (2.79–22.53) | <0.001 |
| Snacking | ||||||||
| Daily | 618 (24.7) | 58 (14.4) | 0.37 (0.26–0.53) | <0.001 | 0.38 (0.26–0.55) | <0.001 | 0.31 (0.21–0.47) | <0.001 |
| Almost daily | 1049 (41.8) | 134 (33.2) | 0.50 (0.37–0.68) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.37–0.689) | <0.001 | 0.45 (0.32–0.63) | <0.001 |
| Sometimes | 506 (20.2) | 127 (31.4) | 0.98 (0.72–1.34) | 0.909 | 0.97 (0.70–1.33) | 0.839 | 0.93 (0.66–1.30) | 0.667 |
| Rarely | 334 (13.3) | 85 (21.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Nighttime snacking | ||||||||
| Daily | 559 (22.3) | 79 (19.6) | 0.76 (0.58–1.00) | 0.050 | 0.80 (0.61–1.06) | 0.121 | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) | 0.401 |
| Almost daily | 253 (10.1) | 33 (8.2) | 0.70 (0.48–1.04) | 0.077 | 0.71 (0.47–1.05) | 0.085 | 0.68 (0.44–1.04) | 0.074 |
| Sometimes | 428 (17.1) | 57 (14.1) | 0.72 (0.53–0.98) | 0.035 | 0.77 (0.56–1.06) | 0.105 | 0.70 (0.50–0.98) | 0.038 |
| Rarely | 1267 (50.5) | 235 (58.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Eating speed | ||||||||
| Very fast | 41 (1.6) | 10 (2.5) | 3.06 (1.42–6.58) | 0.004 | 3.11 (1.42–6.77) | 0.004 | 2.92 (1.23–6.91) | 0.015 |
| Fast | 354 (14.1) | 107 (26.5) | 3.82 (2.58–5.68) | <0.001 | 3.61 (2.41–5.40) | <0.001 | 2.55 (1.65–3.96) | <0.001 |
| Normal | 1634 (65.2) | 249 (61.6) | 1.92 (1.34–2.74) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.24–2.56) | 0.002 | 1.69 (1.15–2.47) | 0.007 |
| Slow | 478 (19.1) | 38 (9.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Eating volume | ||||||||
| Very large | 42 (1.7) | 10 (2.5) | 4.50 (1.92–10.57) | 0.001 | 4.46 (1.87–10.66) | 0.001 | 4.26 (1.63–11.13) | 0.003 |
| Large | 350 (14.0) | 109 (27.0) | 5.86 (3.39–10.13) | <0.001 | 5.56 (3.19–9.68) | <0.001 | 5.47 (3.01–9.94) | <0.001 |
| Normal | 1817 (72.5) | 269 (66.6) | 2.77 (1.65–4.66) | <0.001 | 2.57 (1.52–4.34) | <0.001 | 2.70 (1.55–4.70) | <0.001 |
| Small | 298 (11.9) | 16 (4.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Very often | 458 (18.3) | 38 (9.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Often | 1058 (42.2) | 162 (40.1) | 1.85 (1.28–2.67) | 0.001 | 1.78 (1.22–2.59) | 0.003 | 1.88 (1.27–2.78) | 0.002 |
| Seldom | 855 (34.1) | 169 (41.8) | 2.39 (1.65–3.45) | <0.001 | 2.21 (1.51–3.21) | <0.001 | 2.35 (1.58–3.48) | <0.001 |
| Never | 136 (5.4) | 35 (8.7) | 3.11 (1.89–5.12) | <0.001 | 2.88 (1.73–4.80) | <0.001 | 3.61 (2.10–6.20) | <0.001 |
| TV watching (hours) | ||||||||
| <1 | 383 (15.3) | 38 (9.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 1–2 | 939 (37.5) | 124 (30.7) | 1.33 (0.91–1.95) | 0.143 | 1.31 (0.88–1.93) | 0.179 | 1.40 (0.93–2.11) | 0.103 |
| 2–3 | 655 (26.1) | 117 (29.0) | 1.80 (1.22–2.65) | 0.003 | 1.80 (1.21–2.68) | 0.003 | 1.95 (1.29–2.96) | 0.002 |
| ≥3 | 530 (21.1) | 125 (30.9) | 2.39 (1.62–3.51) | <0.001 | 2.34 (1.58–3.47) | <0.001 | 2.37 (1.55–3.62) | <0.001 |
| Video game playing (hours) | ||||||||
| 0 | 1474 (58.8) | 207 (51.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| <1 | 713 (28.4) | 127 (31.4) | 1.27 (1.00–1.61) | 0.052 | 1.26 (0.99–1.61) | 0.065 | 1.16 (0.90–1.51) | 0.257 |
| 1–2 | 246 (9.8) | 45 (11.1) | 1.30 (0.92–1.85) | 0.138 | 1.32 (0.92–1.88) | 0.133 | 1.07 (0.73–1.57) | 0.726 |
| ≥2 | 74 (3.0) | 25 (6.2) | 2.42 (1.50–3.90) | <0.001 | 2.41 (1.48–3.94) | <0.001 | 2.00 (1.17–3.43) | 0.012 |
| Sleep duration (hours) | ||||||||
| <7 | 537 (21.4) | 109 (27.0) | 1.62 (1.19–2.20) | 0.002 | 1.63 (1.19–2.24) | 0.002 | 1.81 (1.21–2.72) | 0.004 |
| 7–8 | 1188 (47.4) | 188 (46.5) | 1.26 (0.96–1.65) | 0.103 | 1.33 (1.01–1.77) | 0.045 | 1.37 (1.00–1.88) | 0.049 |
| 8–9 | 667 (26.6) | 84 (20.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| ≥9 | 115 (4.6) | 23 (5.7) | 1.59 (0.96–2.62) | 0.071 | 1.69 (1.01–2.83) | 0.045 | 1.53 (0.87–2.69) | 0.137 |
OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval
Model 1: ORs were adjusted for age.
Model 2: ORs were adjusted for age, paternal overweight, and maternal overweight.
Model 3: ORs were adjusted for age, paternal overweight, maternal overweight, and other lifestyle variables.