Table 4.

Classification and types of biomarkers of comorbidities

Disease biomarkers	Symptomatic biomarkers	Biomarkers for treatment implementation
Predicting dyscognitive state	Predicting cognitive dysfunction	Biomarkers of therapeutic window
Diagnostic of dyscognitive state (by pathological or clinical criteria)	Diagnostic of cognitive dysfunction	Biomarkers of treatment efficacy  Target engagement  Efficacy  Monitoring (drug levels, biologic effects)
Monitoring dyscognitive state (onset, progression, cure, recurrence)	Monitoring cognitive dysfunction (onset, progression, cure, recurrence)	Biomarkers that localize the underlying pathology Biomarkers of treatment toxicity

The table provides examples of potential biomarkers that are useful in predicting, diagnosing, or monitoring comorbidities. The biomarkers can reflect symptoms of the comorbidity or indicate therapeutic effects.