Table 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted associations with disease outcomes: (1) type-2 diabetes and (2) insulin resistance (type-2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome); n = 402
|
Variable |
Type-2 diabetes |
Insulin resistance |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Unadjusted |
Adjusted |
Unadjusted |
Adjusted |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age |
|
|
|
|
| 30 to 40 (ref) |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
| 41 to 50 |
3.17 (1.64, 6.14) * |
2.97 (1.51, 5.86) * |
1.95 (1.13, 3.36) * |
1.92 (1.08, 3.44) * |
| 51 to 60 |
3.86 (1.99, 7.47) * |
3.73 (1.89, 7.34) * |
3.07 (1.76, 5.36) * |
3.44 (1.88, 6.30) * |
| >60 |
9.00 (4.48, 18.1) * |
7.02 (3.31, 14.9) * |
5.96 ( 3.11, 11.4) * |
7.16 (3.51, 14.6) * |
| Sex |
|
|
|
|
| Male (ref) |
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
1.0 |
| Female |
1.34 (0.89, 2.03) |
|
2.01 (1.35, 3.00) * |
1.84 (1.17, 2.89) * |
| Education (years) |
|
|
|
|
| University (ref) |
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
| High school + college |
1.16 (0.73, 1.82) |
|
0.98 (0.64, 1.50) |
|
| Primary school |
1.70 (0.94, 3.09) |
|
1.47 (0.81, 2.66) |
|
| Currently married |
|
|
|
|
| Yes (ref) |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
| No |
2.33 (1.37, 3.96) * |
1.69 (0.92, 3.09) |
2.12 (1.21, 3.71) * |
1.62 (0.84, 3.14) |
| Currently employed |
|
|
|
|
| Yes (ref) |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
|
| No |
2.21 (1.45, 3.38) * |
1.43 (0.88, 2.32) |
2.51 (1.68, 3.75) * |
|
| Living in Dhaka |
|
|
|
|
| Native (ref) |
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
| Migrant |
1.13 (0.71, 1.78) |
|
0.96 (0.62, 1.49) |
|
| Body mass index (kg/m2) |
|
|
|
|
| Lean or normal, <25.0 (ref) |
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
1.0 |
| Overweight, 25.1 -30.0 |
0.94 (0.59, 1.50) |
|
1.81 (1.16, 2.84) * |
1.88 (1.12, 3.13) * |
| Obese, >30.0 |
1.33 (0.76, 2.30) |
|
2.60 (1.49, 4.53) * |
2.17 (1.15, 4.09) * |
| Smoking |
|
|
|
|
| Non-smoker (ref) |
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
| Former smoker |
1.28 (0.71, 2.31) |
|
0.87 (0.48, 1.55) |
|
| Current smoker |
0.70 (0.39, 1.24) |
|
0.64 (0.37, 1.08) |
|
| Smoke-less tobacco use |
|
|
|
|
| No (ref) |
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
| Yes |
2.06 (1.19, 3.56) * |
|
1.44 (0.82, 2.50) |
|
| Family history of diabetes |
|
|
|
|
| No (ref) |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
| Yes |
2.01 (1.32, 3.04) * |
2.17 (1.38, 3.41) * |
2.07 (1.38, 3.09) * |
1.98 (1.26, 3.10) * |
| Wealth index Ψ |
|
|
|
|
| 0 (ref) |
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
1.0 |
| 1-2 |
1.80 (1.12, 2.89) * |
|
1.83 (1.18, 2.84) * |
1.14 (0.70, 1.88) |
| 3-4 | 1.83 (0.96, 3.48) | 3.56 (1.84, 6.88) * | 1.84 (0.89, 3.77) | |
Logistic regression was used to build the adjusted model.
* indicates p-value < 0.05.
For each outcome the most parsimonious model was selected and odds ratios (95% CI) are provided for the variables that remained in the final model. Any variable without an estimate indicates that it was not retained in the final model.
Ψ based on owning an apartment/house, private car, instant power source, or air conditioner; one point for each item.