Table 5.
Results of piecewise Poisson regression of the difference in trends of death rates among males during periods defined by four separate firearm regulations a.
| Manner of intent a Period b | Coefficient | 95% CI | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Firearm unintentional deaths (accidents), total (N = 158) | ||||
| 1969–1985 | −0.0550193 | −0.0907301 | −0.0193085 | 0.003 |
| 1986–1989 | 0.1461056 | −0.0412672 | 0.3334784 | 0.126 |
| 1990–1999 | −0.2324301 | −0.472747 | 0.0078867 | 0.058 |
| 2000–2002 b | (−0.3371303) | (−1.037047) | (0.3627868) | (0.345) |
| 2003–2009 b | (0.7081521) | (−0.2968702) | (1.713174) | (0.167) |
| Firearm homicide, total (N = 276) | ||||
| 1969–1985 | 0.0578923 | 0.0208273 | 0.0949572 | 0.002 |
| 1986–1989 | −0.0232726 | −0.1657028 | 0.1191575 | 0.749 |
| 1990–1999 | −0.0772099 | 0.2358867 | 0.0814669 | 0.340 |
| 2000–2002 | 0.1589736 | 0.0784515 | 0 .3963986 | 0.189 |
| 2003–2009 | −0.3724417 | 0.6899734 | 0.0549099 | 0.022 |
| Non-firearm homicide, total (N = 767) | ||||
| 1969–1985 | 0.0437596 | 0.0237466 | 0.0637726 | <0.001 |
| 1986–1989 | −0.0671237 | 0.150988 | 0.0167407 | 0.117 |
| 1990–1999 | −0.0239643 | −0.122405 | 0.0744764 | 0.633 |
| 2000–2002 | −0.0007202 | −0.1646331 | 0.1631928 | 0.993 |
| 2003–2009 | 0.0442818 | −0.1660476 | 0.2546112 | 0.680 |
| Firearm suicide, total (N = 4,863) | ||||
| 1969–1985 | 0.0527137 | 0.0445683 | 0.060859 | <0.001 |
| 1986–1989 | −0.0454937 | −0.0781764 | −0.0128109 | 0.006 |
| 1990–1999 | −0.0717356 | −0.1095559 | −0.0339152 | <0.001 |
| 2000–2002 | 0.0171065 | −0.048344 | 0.082557 | 0.608 |
| 2003–2009 | 0.0206193 | −0.0649099 | 0.1061486 | 0.637 |
| Non-firearm suicide, total (N = 10,756) | ||||
| 1969–1985 | 0.0299268 | 0.0242818 | 0.0355718 | <0.001 |
| 1986–1989 | −0.0359562 | −0.0599087 | −0.0120037 | 0.003 |
| 1990–1999 | −0.0023273 | −0.0297866 | 0.0251319 | 0.868 |
| 2000–2002 | −0.0139944 | −0.0535758 | 0.025587 | 0.488 |
| 2003–2009 | 0.0250989 | −0.023887 | 0.0740847 | 0.315 |
| Firearm suicide ages 15–34 years (n = 1,735) | ||||
| 1969–1985 | 0.0809667 | 0.0667928 | 0.0951406 | <0.001 |
| 1986–989 | −0.081786 | −0.1339045 | −0.0296674 | 0.002 |
| 1990–1999 | −0.0781945 | −0.1381938 | −0.0181952 | 0.011 |
| 2000–2002 | −0.0676003 | −0.1895144 | 0.0543137 | 0.277 |
| 2003–2009 | 0.1145374 | −0.0556891 | 0.2847638 | 0.187 |
| Non-firearm suicide ages 15–34 years (n = 3,494) | ||||
| 1969–1985 | 0.0513084 | 0.0404997 | 0.0621171 | <0.001 |
| 1986–1989 | −0.0825061 | −0.1252112 | −0.0398011 | <0.001 |
| 1990–1999 | 0.0566463 | 0.0087228 | 0.1045699 | 0.021 |
| 2000–2002 | −0.0410032 | −0.1064668 | 0.0244605 | 0.220 |
| 2003–2009 | −0.0085112 | −0.0899689 | 0.0729464 | 0.838 |
| Firearm suicide ages 35–64 years (n = 2,250) | ||||
| 1969–1985 | 0.0267295 | 0.0154617 | 0.0379973 | <0.001 |
| 1986–1989 | −0.0392455 | −0.0884941 | 0.010003 | 0.118 |
| 1990–1999 | −0.0478289 | −0.1060463 | 0.0103885 | 0.107 |
| 2000–2002 | 0.0276482 | −0.0686607 | 0.1239571 | 0.574 |
| 2003–2009 | 0.0110557 | −0.1117119 | 0.1338234 | 0.860 |
| Non-firearm suicide ages 35–54 years (n = 5,336) | ||||
| 1969–1985 | 0.0179062 | 0.0102051 | 0.0256072 | <0.001 |
| 1986–1989 | −0.0364527 | −0.0706378 | −0.0022675 | 0.037 |
| 1990–1999 | −0.003869 | −0.0437166 | 0.0359786 | 0.849 |
| 2000–2002 | 0.0151949 | −0.0423643 | 0.0727542 | 0.605 |
| 2003–2009 | 0.0215505 | −0.0483767 | 0.0914776 | 0.546 |
| Firearm suicide ages 65+ (n = 850) | ||||
| 1969–1985 | 0.0504112 | 0.0282675 | 0.0725548 | <0.001 |
| 1986–1989 | −0.009857 | −0.0932206 | 0.0735066 | 0.817 |
| 1990–1999 | −0.0725788 | −0.1644605 | 0.0193029 | 0.122 |
| 2000–2002 | 0.0555168 | −0.0819672 | 0.1930007 | 0.429 |
| 2003–2009 | −0.0589224 | −0.2313264 | 0.1134816 | 0.503 |
| Non-firearm suicide ages 65+ (n = 1,836) | ||||
| 1969–1985 | 0.0084429 | −0.0047017 | 0.0215875 | 0.208 |
| 1986–1989 | 0.0308715 | −0.0250377 | 0.0867808 | 0.279 |
| 1990–1999 | −0.066876 | −0.1307883 | −0.0029636 | 0.040 |
| 2000–2002 | −0.0571535 | −0.1592739 | 0.0449668 | 0.273 |
| 2003–2009 | 0.0967007 | −0.0349453 | 0.2283467 | 0.150 |
a The regression includes males during 1969–2009. Dependent variables are firearm accidents (unintentional), firearm homicides, firearm suicides, non-firearm homicides, and non-firearm suicides. To render the categories compatible across the 8th, 9th, and 10th Revisions of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD), deaths by explosive materials are included in the categories for homicide and suicide. p < 0.05 are in bold type. The laws were implemented in 1986, 1990, 2000, and 2003; b Regression results based on fewer than 20 deaths during a period are in parentheses.