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. 2014 Feb 1;34(2):79–89. doi: 10.1089/jir.2013.0035

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Copyright 2014, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

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FIG. 6. — A 2-step model for eVLP-stimulated cytokine expression. eVLP interact with TLR4 (and presumably other TLRs) and activate the adaptor MyD88 and TRIF bound to the TLRs. MyD88 then activates NFκB (p50/p65) through the TLR signaling cascade involving IRAK, TRAF6, and IKKα/β to trigger proinflammatory cytokine transcription. TRIF activates IRF3/7 through a cascade involving TBK1/IKKi(e) to induce type I IFN genes. Type I IFNs then bind to IFNAR1/2 to activate ISGF3 complex (STAT1/STAT2/IRF9) through JAK1/TYK2 to induce ISGs transcription.