Table 5.

Miscellaneous Interventions for Parents of Low Birth Weight Infants

Author	Name	Population	Intervention	Design	Outcomes	Results
Feldman et al. (2002)	Kangaroo Care (KC)	1.146 infants with a mean birth weight of 1270g and a mean gestational age of 30.65 weeks were eligible, and 14 declined. 2.73 infants received treatment, while 73 infants were controls. 3.Recruited from two sites.	Kangaroo Care, or Skin-to-skin holding, was engaged in for one or more hours a day, for fourteen consecutive days.	RCT, in which the infants who received the intervention were matched with control infants who received standard care.	1.Mother–Newborn Coding System 2.Beck Depression Inventory 3.Neonate Parental Inventory 4.Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment 5.Infant Characteristic 6.Clinical Risk Index for Babies 7.Bayley-II	1.During hospitalization, mothers interacted with their infant more positively (p < 0.001) and had reduced depressive symptoms (p< 0.001). 2.Six months post hospitalization, more positive interactions (p <0.01) and improved infant development (p <0.05).
Als et al. (2003)	Neonatal Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP)	1.Inclusion criteria: Singleton infants < 28 weeks, <1250g, receiving ventilation within first three hours following birth and lasting at least 24 of the first 48 hours, alive after 48 hours, no chromosomal or genetic anomalies and congenital infections, who have one English speaking family member. 2.92 infants included from 234 who were eligible (47 control, 45 experimental). 3.Treatment provided at three different sides	Intervention was a model for nursing care. Weekly, direct observation of infant behavior in order to create weekly care plans aimed to individualize caregiving. Family-centered and aimed to help parents appropriately address their preterm infant's developmental need. Intervention was provided by nurses and medical staff and was intended to reduce infant stress.	RCT, in which control group infants received standard care.	Several measures were used to assess neurodevelopmental, medical, and family function.	Infant outcomes: 1.Earlier discharge 2.Less days on oxygen 3.Increased regulation of motor and autonomic systems 4.Better tone, orientation, posture, and movement 5.Improved neurobehavioral scores, brain structure, and behavior. Parent outcomes: 1.Reduced life stress 2.Enhanced confidence.
Brisch et al. (2003)	Early Preventative Attachment-oriented Psychotherapeutic Intervention Program	1. Of 206 eligible mothers of preterm infants < 1500 g and mean gestational age of 27 weeks, 87 agreed to participate. 2. 12.7% overall drop-out rate. 3. 36 control mothers and 32 intervention mothers in final analysis. 4. Three infants were not able to be classified into an attachment quality. 5. Fathers were included in all aspects of intervention.	Parent-centered and comprehensive intervention included five sessions of weekly supportive group therapy, five sessions of weekly attachment-oriented individual therapy, one home visit one week post discharge, and one full-day video-based training to promote sensitive interaction three months post discharge.	Prospective longitudinal study design using random assignment. Study included blinded coders.	1.Strange Situation Procedure 2.Neurological evaluation	1. Tendency for secure attachment in intervention group (p = 0.084),. 2. While the proportion of Secure versus Insecure infants in the two groups did not differ for non-neurologically compromised infants, for infants who did have neurological impairment, there were proportionally fewer Insecurely attached infants in the Treatment versus Control Group.
White-Traut & Noor (2009)	Hospital-Home Transition: Optimizing Prematures’ Environment (H-HOPE)	1.252 mother-preterm infant dyads, in which the infant is 29-34 weeks at birth and without any serious complications. 2.Participants recruited from two sites.	Intervention included remediation (a developmentally targeted multisensory intervention), redefinition (teaching behavioral states and pre-feeding, engagement and disengagement behavioral cues), and reeducation (teaching mothers to modify response to cues, techniques to soothe infant, and create a calm home environment). Intervention occurred from 32-34 weeks gestational age until 4 weeks corrected age.	Intervention currently being studied in a 5 year RCT.	Specific outcome measures to be used were not specified.	Results not yet available. Authors anticipate increased infant behavioral organization and improved mother's ability to recognize her infant's behavioral cues. These effects are hoped to lead to improvement in both mother-infant interaction and infant development and growth, in addition to reduced hospital costs.
Browne & Talmi (2005)	Family-Based Intervention	1.Mothers of premature infants <36 weeks gestation without congenital abnormalities. Birth weight 1509-1617 g. 2.Of 112 eligible mother-infant dyads, 99 consented, and 84 completed the study. 3. Single site study. 4. Short term single session intervention.	Group 1: guided observation of infant's behavioral response to environmental stimuli, examiner manipulation and social interaction. Group 2: educational materials about parenting preterm infants, ICU experience and coping with stress. Group 3: control group received 30-45 minute session on follow up care for preterm infants.	RCT with assignment to one of two intervention groups versus control group.	1.Knowledge of Preterm Infant Behavior Scale (KPIB). 2.Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale (NCAFS) to assess maternal behaviors during feedings. 2. Parenting Stress Index. 3. Severity of Illness score.	1.KPIB scores lower for control group (p < 0.001) indicating less knowledge. 2.NCAFS scores higher for control group indicating lower relationship quality (p < .05) 3. PSI scores marginally higher for control group (p = .056) indicating higher maternal perception of stress.