Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of the Outcome Measures and Covariates
| Level | Type | Variable | Mean | SD | Min | Max | Scale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Response (R = 9168) | Outcome measure | Passage-specific comprehension questions | .80 | .40 | 0 | 1 | Dichotomous (1=correct/ 0=incorrect) |
| Response (R = 1079) | Outcome measure | Passage-specific fluency | 140.22 | 43.96 | 25.06 | 318 | Raw words per minute |
| Student (J = 94) | Covariate | ||||||
| Planning/organization | 10.02 | 2.30 | 4 | 15 | Scaled | ||
| Inferencing | 9.27 | 2.62 | 4 | 15 | Scaled | ||
| Isolated word reading fluency | 100.53 | 13.23 | 55 | 133 | Standard | ||
| Morphology | 9.35 | 1.24 | 5 | 11 | Raw | ||
| Reasoning | 108.23 | 15.37 | 75 | 151 | Standard | ||
| Vocabulary | 9.35 | 3.40 | 3 | 17 | Scaled | ||
| Working memory | 6.41 | 2.50 | 0 | 12 | Raw | ||
| Age | 11.97 | 1.27 | 9.92 | 14.75 | Raw in years | ||
| Passage (P =22) | Covariate | ||||||
| Freq. | %age | Min | Max | Scale | |||
|
|
|||||||
| Passage Type | |||||||
| Baseline* | 14 | 63.64 | 0 | 1 | Dummy | ||
| Cohesion manipulated | 2 | 9.09 | 0 | 1 | Dummy | ||
| Decoding manipulated | 2 | 9.09 | 0 | 1 | Dummy | ||
| Syntax manipulated | 2 | 9.09 | 0 | 1 | Dummy | ||
| Vocabulary manipulated | 2 | 9.09 | 0 | 1 | Dummy | ||
| Question (Q = 108) | Covariate | ||||||
| Question Type | |||||||
| Critical analysis | 9 | 8.33 | 0 | 1 | Dummy | ||
| Comprehension mornitoring | 12 | 11.11 | 0 | 1 | Dummy | ||
| Inferential | 36 | 33.33 | 0 | 1 | Dummy | ||
| Literal* | 35 | 32.41 | 0 | 1 | Dummy | ||
| Reading strategy | 16 | 14.81 | 0 | 1 | Dummy | ||
*
Referent category; left out of model.