Table 2.
Results of Conditional Crossed Random-Effects Item Response Comprehension Question Models
| Fixed Effects | Models | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Passage Model | z | Question Model | z | Student Model | z | Combined Model | z | |||||
| Est. | SE | Est. | SE | Est. | SE | Est. | SE | |||||
|
|
||||||||||||
| Grand Mean | ||||||||||||
| Intercept | 1.92 | 0.16 | 12.38 | 2.26 | 0.21 | 10.70 | 1.92 | 0.12 | 16.16 | 2.36 | 0.20 | 11.94 |
| Passage Covariates | ||||||||||||
| Cohesion manipulated | −0.18 | 0.15 | −1.20 | −0.17 | 0.15 | −1.18 | ||||||
| Decoding manipulated | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.72 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.66 | ||||||
| Syntax manipulated | −0.26 | 0.15 | −1.74 | −0.24 | 0.15 | −1.59 | ||||||
| Vocabulary manipulated | −0.08 | 0.15 | −0.53 | −0.07 | 0.15 | −0.49 | ||||||
| Question Covariates | ||||||||||||
| Critical analysis | −0.66 | 0.39 | −1.68 | −0.66 | 0.41 | −1.58 | ||||||
| Comprehension monitoring | −0.19 | 0.36 | −0.52 | −0.18 | 0.38 | −0.49 | ||||||
| Inferential | −0.58 | 0.25 | −2.30 | −0.59 | 0.26 | −2.24 | ||||||
| Reading Strategy | −0.82 | 0.32 | −2.58 | −0.84 | 0.33 | −2.52 | ||||||
| Student Covariates | ||||||||||||
| Planning/Organization | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.00 | 0.02 | −0.02 | ||||||
| Inferencing | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.48 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.50 | ||||||
| Isolated word reading fluency | 0.01 | 0.01 | 2.05 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 2.15 | ||||||
| Morphology | 0.14 | 0.05 | 2.68 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 2.66 | ||||||
| Reasoning | 0.06 | 0.02 | 3.10 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 3.04 | ||||||
| Vocabulary | 0.11 | 0.02 | 5.57 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 5.60 | ||||||
| Working memory | 0.09 | 0.03 | 2.93 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 2.81 | ||||||
| Age | −0.08 | 0.05 | −1.54 | −0.08 | 0.05 | −1.57 | ||||||
| Random Effects: Variances | ||||||||||||
| Intercept (Question) | 1.13 | 1.00 | 1.16 | 1.11 | ||||||||
| Morphology slope (Question) | 0.01 | 0.00 | ||||||||||
| Reasoning slope (Question) | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||||
| Vocabulary slope (Question) | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||||
| Intercept (Student) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.16 | 0.16 | ||||||||
| Decoding passage slope (Student) | 0.66 | 0.60 | ||||||||||
Note. Coefficients for fixed effects are in logit. Parameters with corresponding z-values > 1.96 are significant at the 5% significance level; these values have been bolded.