Table 1.
Summary of real-time RT-PCR oligonucleotide primers used in measuring mRNA expression in mitochondrial genes, Alzheimer’s disease-related genes, and synaptic genes in VDAC1+/− mice and VDAC1+/+ mice
| Genes | DNA Sequence (5′-3′) | PCR Product Size |
|---|---|---|
| Mitochondrial Structural Genes | ||
| Drp1 | Forward Primer GCGCTGATCCCGCGTCAT | 54 |
| Reverse Primer CCGCACCCACTGTGTTGA | ||
| Fis1 | Forward Primer GCCCCTGCTACTGGACCAT | 62 |
| Reverse Primer CCCTGAAAGCCTCACACTAAGG | ||
| MFN1 | Forward Primer TCTCCAAGCCCAACATCTTCA | 62 |
| Reverse Primer ACTCCGGCTCCGAAGCA | ||
| MFN2 | Forward Primer ACAGCCTCAGCCGACAGCAT | 56 |
| Reverse Primer TGCCGAAGGAGCAGACCTT | ||
| Opa1 | Forward Primer TGGGCTGCAGAGGATGGT | 59 |
| Reverse Primer CCTGATGTCACGGTGTTGATG | ||
| VDCA1 | Forward Primer CTCCCACATACGCCGATCTT | 58 |
| Reverse Primer GCCGTAGCCCTTGGTGAAG | ||
| ANT | Forward Primer CACCCATCGAGAGGGTCAA | 54 |
| Reverse Primer ATTTGCTTGCTGGCATGCT | ||
| Cyclophilin D | Forward Primer CAGCCAAGCCCTCCAACTC | 58 |
| Reverse Primer GCCGATGTCCACGTCAAAG | ||
| BcLXL | Forward Primer GAGCCATTGAGTGAGGTGCTTT | 60 |
| Reverse Primer TCCCAAGCAGCCTGAATTTC | ||
| Mitochondrial-encoded Electron Transport Chain Genes | ||
| ND3-Complex I | Forward Primer TGTACTCAGAAAAAGCAAATCCATATG | 73 |
| Reverse Primer AATAATAGAAATGTAATTGCTACCAAGAAAAA | ||
| ND6-Complex I | Forward Primer TTGATGGTTTGGGAGATTGGTT | 75 |
| Reverse Primer TGCCGCTACCCCAATCC | ||
| CytB-Complex III | Forward Primer TTATCGCGGCCCTAGCAA | 75 |
| Reverse Primer TAATCCTGTTGGGTTGTTTGATCC | ||
| COX 1-Complex IV | Forward Primer GAAGAGACAGTGTTTCATGTGGTGT | 73 |
| Reverse Primer TCCTGGGCCTTTCAGGAATA | ||
| COX2-Complex IV | Forward Primer CATCCCAGGCCGACTAAATC | 74 |
| Reverse Primer TTTCAGAGCATTGGCCATAGAA | ||
| ATP6-Complex V | Forward Primer TGTGGAAGGAAGTGGGCAA | 72 |
| Reverse Primer CCACTATGAGCTGGAGCCGT | ||
| AD-related Genes | ||
| APP | Forward Primer AACATGATCAGTGAGCCCAGAA | 59 |
| Reverse Primer CGTCAGCGAAGGCATGAGA | ||
| PS1 | Forward Primer ATCGGCCTGTGCCTTACATT | 55 |
| Reverse Primer GCTGGCAACGCTTTCTTGA | ||
| PS2 | Forward Primer AGACCATGCTCGCATTCATG | 62 |
| Reverse Primer AGGACGTCCGCTCATCACA | ||
| Tau | Forward Primer CCCCCGCCGATGATG | 79 |
| Reverse Primer AGTCACGTCTTCAGCAGTTGGA | ||
| BACE1 | Forward Primer TCCGGCTCAGAACTACAGTGTAAT | 58 |
| Reverse Primer TGCGGCGTTTTCATGGT | ||
| Hexokinase 1 | Forward Primer GACCCGAGGCATCTTCGA | 62 |
| Reverse Primer AGCAGCGCTAATCGGTCACT | ||
| Hexokinase 2 | Forward Primer CGCCGGATTGGAACAGAA | 75 |
| Reverse Primer CCCGTCGCTAACTTCACTCACT | ||
| GSK-3β | Forward Primer TGTTGGGCCCTGAGGTAGAT | 82 |
| Reverse Primer CCTAGGGTACCAGCTCAAAACAA | ||
| Synaptic Genes | ||
| Synaptophysin | Forward Primer 5′ CATTCAGGCTGCACCAAGTG 3′ | 59 |
| Reverse Primer 5′ TGGTAGTGCCCCCTTTAACG 3′ | ||
| PSD95 | Forward Primer 5′ GGACATTCAGGCGCACAAG 3′ | 58 |
| Reverse Primer 5′ TCCCGTAGAGGTGGCTGTTG 3′ | ||
| Synapsin 1 | Forward Primer 5′ TGAGGACATCAGTGTCGGGTAA 3′ | 64 |
| Reverse Primer 5′ GGCAATCTGCTCAAGCATAGC 3′ | ||
| Synapsin 2 | Forward Primer 5′ TCCCACTCATTGAGCAGACATACT 3′ | 63 |
| Reverse Primer 5′ GGGAACGTAGGAAGCGTAAGC 3′ | ||
| Synaptobrevin 1 | Forward Primer 5′ TGCTGCCAAGCTAAAAAGGAA 3′ | 68 |
| Reverse Primer 5′ CAGATAGCTCCCAGCATGATCA 3′ | ||
| Synaptobrevin 2 | Forward Primer 5′ CGGAAGAGTCAGTCTCCATTGG 3′ | 64 |
| Reverse Primer 5′ 5′ CACCTGCAGATAATGTCGTGCTA 3′ | ||
| Neurogranin | Forward Primer 5′ CCTCAACACCGGCAATGG 3′ | 61 |
| Reverse Primer 5′ AATATCGTCGTCTGGCTTGGA 3′ | ||
| GAP43 | Forward Primer 5′ CTGAGGAGGAGAAAGACGCTGTA 3′ | 57 |
| Reverse Primer 5′ TCCTGTCGGGCACTTTCC 3′ | ||
| Synaptopodin | Forward Primer 5′ TCCTGCGCCCTGAACCTA 3′ | 70 |
| Reverse Primer 5′ GACGGGCGACAGAGCATAGA 3′ | ||
| Housekeeping Genes | ||
| Beta Actin | Forward Primer ACGGCCAGGTCATCACTATTC | 65 |
| Reverse Primer AGGAAGGCTGGAAAAGAGCC | ||
| GAPDH | Forward Primer TTCCCGTTCAGCTCTGGG | 59 |
| Reverse Primer CCCTGCATCCACTGGTGC | ||