Table 1.
Operating parameters of the atomic absorption spectrometer with details of measurement of the levels of elements in biological samples as well as the certified and determined values of elements for the selected Certified Reference Materials (CRMs).
| Parameters | Elements | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V | Cu | Mg | Ca | Zn | Na | K | |
| Technique | GF-AAS | GF-AAS | F-AAS | ||||
| FT | — | Air-acetylene | |||||
| FF (L/min) | Argon with the flow rate of 200 (mL/min) in all the steps except the atomization stage when the flow rate was 30 (mL/min) | 1.8 | |||||
| GTT | PCGTs (PyroTube CHR) | — | |||||
| SV (µL) | 20 (µL) | — | |||||
| SM | B-CIA | B-CIM | |||||
| LC (mA) | 10 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 10 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 |
| WL (nm) | 318.4 | 324.8 | 285.2 | 422.7 | 213.9 | 589.0 | 766.5 |
| SW (nm) | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.3 |
| DL (LOD) | K: 0.11 (µg/L) | K: 0.28 (µg/L) | K: 1 × 10−5 (mg/L) | K: 0.09 (mg/L) | K: 1 × 10−3 (mg/L) | K: 3.1 × 10−3 (mg/L) | K: 5.5 × 10−3 (mg/L) |
| U: 0.23 (µg/L) | U: 0.14 (µg/L) | U: 6 × 10−5 (mg/L) | U: 0.36 (mg/L) | U: 0.6 (µg/L) | U:** | U:** | |
| P: 0.23 (µg/L) | P: √ | P: √ | P: √ | P: √ | P:** | P:** | |
| FD: 0.47 (µg/L) | FD: 8 × 10−4 (mg/L) | FD: 0.13 (mg/L) | |||||
| LOQ | K: 0.33 (µg/L) | K: 0.84 (µg/L) | K: 3 × 10−5 (mg/L) | K: 0.27 (mg/L) | K: 3 × 10−3 (mg/L) | K: 9.3 × 10−3 (mg/L) | K: 16.5 × 10−3 (mg/L) |
| U: 0.69 (µg/L) | U: 0.42 (µg/L) | U: 1.8 × 10−4 (mg/L) | U: 1.08 (mg/L) | U: 1.8 (µg/L) | U:** | U:** | |
| P: 0.69 (µg/L) | P: √ | P: √ | P: √ | P: √ | P:** | P:** | |
| FD: 1.41 (µg/L) | FD: 2.4 × 10−3 (mg/L) | FD: 0.39 (mg/L) | |||||
| CV (%) | 0.2–2 | 0.5–2 | 0.5–1 | ||||
|
| |||||||
| Elements | Bovine Liver 1577 c | Seronorm Trace Elements Urine 201205 | Trace Elements in Natural Water 1640 a | ||||
| Certified value | Determined value§ | Certified value | Determined value§ | Certified value | Determined value§ | ||
|
| |||||||
| Mg | 620 ± 42 (mg/kg) | 657.4 ± 20.2 (mg/kg) | 71.1 ± 2.5 (mg/L) | 69.7 ± 2.3 (mg/L) | 1.058 ± 0.0040 (mg/L) | 1.059 ± 0.040 (mg/L) | |
| Ca | 131 ± 10 (mg/kg) | 133.4 ± 15.2 (mg/kg) | 111 ± 2 (mg/L) | 111.9 ± 1.2 (mg/L) | 5.615 ± 0.021 (mg/L) | 5.649 ± 0.028 (mg/L) | |
| V | 8.17 ± 0.66 (µg/kg) | 10.2 ± 1.6 (µg/kg) | 25.2 ± 1.4 (µg/L) | 22.43 ± 0.56 (µg/L) | 12.99 ± 0.37 (µg/L) | 12.33 ± 0.35 (µg/L) | |
| Zn | 181.1 ± 1.0 (mg/kg) | 180.3 ± 8.7 (mg/kg) | 1141 ± 79 (µg/L) | 1100.6 ± 24.4 (µg/L) | 55.64 ± 0.35 (µg/L) | 55.50 ± 0.17 (µg/L) | |
| Cu | 275.2 ± 4.6 (mg/kg) | 268.6 ± 4.7 (mg/kg) | 78 ± 8 (µg/L) | 92.4 ± 6.9 (µg/L) | 85.75 ± 0.51 (µg/L) | 85.45 ± 0.14 (µg/L) | |
| Na | 2.033 ± 0.064 (mg/kg) | 1.969 ± 0.015 (mg/kg) | 2307 ± 56 (mg/L) | 2376 ± 45 (mg/L) | 3.137 ± 0.031 (mg/L) | 3.150 ± 0.025 (mg/L) | |
| K | — | — | 1903 ± 42 (mg/L) | 1930 ± 40 (mg/L) | 0.5799 ± 0.0023 (mg/L) | 0.5818 ± 0.0209 (mg/L) | |
|
| |||||||
| Elements | Bone Ash 1400 | ||||||
| Certified value | Determined value§ | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Mg | 6.84 ± 0.13 (mg/g) | 6.774 ± 0.065 (mg/g) | |||||
| Ca | 381.8 ± 1.3 (mg/g) | 384.8 ± 2.2 (mg/g) | |||||
FT: flame type; FF: fuel flow; GTT: graphite tube type; SV: sample volume; SM: signal mode; LC: lamp current; WL: wavelength; SW: slit width; PCGTs: pyrolytically coated graphite tubes; B-CIA: background-corrected integrated absorbance; B-CIM: background-corrected integral mode.
√,∗∗Determined colourimetrically or by an EasyLyte analyser, respectively.
DL (LOD): detection limit.
LOQ: quantification limit.
CV: coefficient of variation.
K: kidney; U: urine; P: plasma; FD: femoral diaphysis.
§Mean ± SD, n = 5.