Table 1.

Yeast ATG and mitophagy gene involvement in autophagy pathways and identified human homologues.

Yeast gene	Involved in macroautophagy and/or Cvt?	Involved in mitophagy?	Human homologue
ATG 1	√	√	ULK-1, ULK-2
ATG 2	√	√	ATG 2A, ATG 2B
ATG 3	√	√	ATG 3, ATG 3P
ATG 4	√	√	ATG 4A, ATG 4B, ATG 4C, ATG 4D
ATG 5	√	√	ATG 5
ATG 6	√	√	Beclin1
ATG 7	√	√	ATG 7
ATG 8	√	√	LC3B
ATG 9	√	√	ATG 9A, ATG 9B
ATG 10	√	√	ATG 10
ATG 11	√	√	–
ATG 12	√	√	ATG 12, ATG 12P
ATG 13	√	√	–
ATG 14	√	√	ATG 14L
ATG 15	√	√	–
ATG 16	√	√	ATG 16L1, ATG 16L2
ATG 17	√	×	–
ATG 18	√	√	–
ATG 19	√	×	–
ATG 20	√	√	–
ATG 21	√	√	–
ATG 22	×	×	–
ATG 23	√	√	–
ATG 24	√	√	–
ATG 25	√	×	–
ATG 26	×	×	–
ATG 27	√	√	–
ATG 28	√	×	–
ATG 29	√	√	–
ATG 30	√	×	–
ATG 31	√	√	–
ATG 32	×	√	–
ATG 33	×	√	–
UTH1	×	√	–
YmeI	×	√	–
AUP1	×	√	–
Mdm38	×	√	–

Loss-of-function studies in yeast have identified 33 autophagy (ATG) genes and four mitophagy specific genes. Many of the ATG genes perform multiple functions and participate in more than one autophagy pathway. A tick indicates the involvement of the gene whilst a cross shows that loss of this gene has no impact on the autophagy pathway in question. The identified human homologues to these genes are listed.