Table 5.
Construct validity.
| Exercise and parameters | Group 1 Novice (n = 15) |
Group 2 Intermediate (n = 14) |
Group 3 Expert (n = 13) |
Significant difference (P < 0.05) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise 1 “Camera Targeting” | ||||
| Errors (n) | 2.33 ± 1.45 | 1.00 ± 1.62 | 0.54 ± 1.11 | 1 > 2 (P = 0.020), 1 > 3 (P = 0.002) |
| Drops (n) | 0.20 ± 0.41 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
| Economy of motion (cm) | 469.74 ± 234.53 | 353.78 ± 99.20 | 268.21 ± 69.69 | 1 > 2 (P = 0.041), 1 > 3 (P < 0.001), 2 > 3 (P = 0.003) |
| Excessive instrument force (sec) | 22.10 ± 36.92 | 11.36 ± 24.26 | 8.42 ± 29.48 | |
| Instrument collisions (n) | 2.87 ± 5.17 | 1.21 ± 2.16 | 0.46 ± 1.13 | 1 > 3 (P = 0.015) |
| Instrument(s) out of view (cm) | 27.58 ± 42.76 | 10.06 ± 23.67 | 18.04 ± 47.49 | |
| Master workspace range (cm) | 12.65 ± 2.11 | 11.72 ± 2.02 | 10.61 ± 1.62 | 1 > 3 (P = 0.015) |
| Time to complete (sec) | 246.27 ± 131.58 | 164.59 ± 64.24 | 106.60 ± 44.59 | 1 > 3 (P < 0.001), 2 > 3 (P = 0.001) |
| Exercise 2 “Thread the Rings” | ||||
| Errors (n) | 2.13 ± 1.13 | 1.07 ± 1.54 | 0.46 ± 0.88 | 1 > 2 (P = 0.026), 1 > 3 (P < 0.001) |
| Drops (n) | 0.40 ± 0.83 | 0.29 ± 0.61 | 0.38 ± 0.65 | |
| Economy of motion (cm) | 404.60 ± 120.98 | 308.03 ± 101.40 | 292.28 ± 74.42 | 1 > 2 (P = 0.023), 1 > 3 (P = 0.002) |
| Excessive instrument force (sec) | 9.67 ± 13.15 | 5.50 ± 8.52 | 3.69 ± 4.20 | |
| Instrument collisions (n) | 6.93 ± 3.54 | 3.86 ± 4.15 | 3.38 ± 4.81 | 1 > 2 (P = 0.014), 1 > 3 (P = 0.006) |
| Instrument(s) out of view (cm) | 2.04 ± 3.35 | 3.34 ± 9.18 | 0.74 ± 1.30 | |
| Master workspace range (cm) | 9.08 ± 1.97 | 8.46 ± 1.77 | 8.27 ± 1.24 | |
| Time to complete (sec) | 256.76 ± 107.70 | 158.17 ± 45.39 | 146.15 ± 39.65 | 1 > 2 (P < 0.001), 1 > 3 (P < 0.001) |
| Exercise 3 “Peg Board” | ||||
| Errors (n) | 0.40 ± 0.63 | 0.14 ± 0.36 | 0.15 ± 0.38 | |
| Drops (n) | 0.73 ± 0.70 | 0.36 ± 0.50 | 0.15 ± 0.38 | 1 > 3 (P = 0.037) |
| Economy of motion (cm) | 400.13 ± 109.58 | 342.35 ± 71.12 | 293.20 ± 73.08 | 1 > 3 (P = 0.002), 2 > 3 (P = 0.025) |
| Excessive instrument force (sec) | 1.27 ± 3.09 | 0.39 ± 0.99 | 0.12 ± 0.30 | |
| Instrument collisions (n) | 1.13 ± 1.36 | 0.71 ± 0.83 | 0.46 ± 0.66 | |
| Instrument(s) out of view (cm) | 0.82 ± 2.25 | 0.37 ± 1.08 | 1.25 ± 3.40 | |
| Master workspace Range (cm) | 10.91 ± 1.93 | 9.51 ± 1.57 | 9.66 ± 1.51 | |
| Time to complete (sec) | 157.45 ± 44.05 | 114.46 ± 23.80 | 90.08 ± 26.72 | 1 > 2 (P = 0.007), 1 > 3 (P < 0.001), 2 > 3 (P = 0.017) |
Values expressed in mean ± SD.