Table 6.
Multimedia intervention outcome measures and intervention effects
| Study outcome | No. of studies | Study | Outcome measures/scale 1 | Reliability tested 2 | p-value 3 | ES (d) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Communication |
2 |
[70] |
No. child-initiated diabetes discussions: Parent recall (one month) |
No |
0.0025 |
|
| |
|
[9] |
Child Satisfaction Survey: |
No |
|
|
| |
|
|
Felt involved in the consultation |
|
<0.05 |
|
| |
|
|
Orthodontist understands me |
|
ns |
|
| Satisfaction |
35 |
[70] |
User satisfaction: Instrument not described |
No |
ns |
|
| |
|
[9] |
Liked the explanation: Satisfaction Survey4 |
No |
ns |
|
| |
|
[69] |
Satisfaction and Use Questionnaire: |
No |
|
|
| |
|
|
Used assigned intervention ≥ once |
|
0.001 |
|
| |
|
|
Used intervention ‘for a long time’ |
|
0.0006 |
|
| |
|
|
Found intervention ‘easy to use’ |
|
ns |
|
| DNA rate |
3 |
[6] |
DNA at least 1 appt |
N/A |
ns |
|
| |
|
|
DNA two consecutive appts |
N/A |
N/K6 |
|
| |
|
[67] |
Appts kept out of total planned appointments |
N/A |
0.04 |
|
| |
|
[66] |
Appts kept out of total planned appointments |
N/A |
ns |
|
| Knowledge acquisition |
12 |
[70] |
Interview questions, blood glucose logbook, food exchange chart |
No |
ns |
|
| |
|
[9] |
Child Short Answer Knowledge Questionnaire4: |
No |
|
|
| |
|
|
Three major orthodontic problems |
|
<0.05 |
|
| |
|
|
Two orthodontic appliances/devices used |
|
ns |
|
| |
|
|
Three risks |
|
ns |
|
| |
|
|
Two instructions followed |
|
ns |
|
| |
|
|
Total recall and retention of information presented |
|
<0.05 |
|
| |
|
[69] |
Leukemia Event Knowledge Interview [78] |
Yes |
0.039 |
|
| |
|
[74] |
Cystic Fibrosis Knowledge Questionnaire (adapted Quittner & Drotar (1997))7 |
Yes |
<0.001 |
|
| |
|
[67] |
Child Knowledge of Asthma Management Questionnaire |
Yes |
|
0.17 |
| |
|
[66] |
Child Knowledge of Asthma Questionnaire |
No |
<0.001 |
|
| |
|
[7] |
Pediatric Asthma Care Knowledge Survey |
No |
ns |
|
| |
|
[68] |
Child Knowledge of Asthma Management Questionnaire [67] |
Yes |
<0.0001 |
|
| |
|
[8] |
Asthma Knowledge Assessment |
Yes |
0.001 |
|
| |
|
[65]8 |
Asthma Knowledge Scale (modified [79]) |
Yes |
ns |
|
| |
|
|
How Much Do I Know About Sickle Cell Disease? Questionnaire (shortened [80]) |
Yes |
ns |
|
| |
|
[71] |
Encopresis Knowledge Questionnaire |
No |
ns |
|
| |
|
|
Virginia Encopresis/Constipation Apperception Test [81] |
Yes |
ns |
|
| Changes in self-efficacy |
10 |
[70] |
Interview questions |
No |
0.025 |
|
| |
|
[9] |
Child Satisfaction Survey4: |
No |
|
|
| |
|
|
‘Satisfied that I know the causes’ |
|
ns |
|
| |
|
|
‘Satisfied that I know the treatment’ |
|
ns |
|
| |
|
|
‘Satisfied that I know the expected outcome’ |
|
ns |
|
| |
|
|
‘Satisfied that I know the risks’ |
|
ns |
|
| |
|
|
‘Satisfied with the explanation of the problems’ |
|
<0.05 |
|
| |
|
|
‘Confidence in the Orthodontist’ |
|
ns |
|
| |
|
|
‘Not afraid of the treatment’ |
|
ns |
|
| |
|
[69] |
Leukemia Children's Health Locus of Control [82] |
Yes |
0.005 |
|
| |
|
[74] |
Role Play Inventory of Situations and Copy Skills [83] |
Yes |
<0.001 |
|
| |
|
[6] |
Self-esteem Scale (shortened [84]) |
No |
0.02 |
|
| |
|
[67] |
Child Self-efficacy Expectations Questionnaire |
Yes |
|
0.06 |
| |
|
[68] |
Child Self-efficacy Expectations Questionnaire [67] |
Yes |
<0.0001 |
|
| |
|
[66] |
Parent recall: Child attitude toward asthma care |
No |
ns |
|
| |
|
|
Parent recall: Behaviours related to asthma care |
No |
ns |
|
| |
|
[8] |
Children's Asthma Locus of Control ([85], derived from [82]) |
Yes |
0.007 |
0.5 |
| |
|
[65]8 |
Kidcope [86] |
Yes |
ns |
|
| |
|
|
Kidcope [86] |
Yes |
ns |
|
| Health outcomes/symptoms |
10 |
[70] |
Long-term blood glucose control: HbA1c measurements |
No |
ns |
|
| |
|
[6] |
Time to dry (Length of time to achieve 14 consecutive dry nights): Not described |
Not stated |
ns |
|
| |
|
|
Dry on discharge: Not described |
Not stated |
ns |
|
| |
|
|
Dry 6 months post-discharge: Questionnaire not described |
Not stated |
ns |
|
| |
|
[72] |
Headache activity: Headache Index Composite calculated from Headache Diary [87] |
Yes |
0.04 |
|
| |
|
|
Headache frequency, duration and severity: Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment [88] |
Yes |
ns |
|
| |
|
[67] |
Asthma symptoms: Usherwood Symptom Questionnaire [89] |
Yes |
0.029 |
|
| |
|
[66] |
Asthma severity: Parent recall |
No |
ns |
|
| |
|
[7] |
Lung function (FEV
1
): Instrument not described |
Not stated |
ns |
|
| |
|
|
Days of asthma symptoms since last visit: |
No |
<0.01 |
|
| |
|
|
Parent recall |
|
|
|
| |
|
[68] |
Asthma symptoms: Usherwood Symptom Questionnaire [89] |
Yes |
ns |
|
| |
|
[8] |
Lung function (FEV
1
): Micromedical Super-Spiro spirometer |
Not stated |
ns |
|
| |
|
|
Lung function (PEF): Mini-Wright Peak Flow Meter |
Not stated |
ns |
|
| |
|
[73] |
Lung function (FEV
1
): Instrument not described |
Not stated |
ns |
|
| |
|
|
Lung function (PEF): Instrument not described |
Not stated |
ns |
|
| |
|
[71] |
Child Information Form: |
No |
|
|
| |
|
|
Trips to toilet without parental prompt |
|
0.109 |
|
| |
|
|
Bowel movements in the toilet |
|
0.001 |
|
| |
|
|
Overall encopresis symptom improvement |
|
0.018 |
|
| Emergency medical visits |
6 |
[70] |
Emergency room/GP visits over past 3 months
10
: Parent recall |
No |
ns |
|
| |
|
[67] |
Number of visits over past year: Parent recall |
No |
|
0.03 |
| |
|
[66] |
Emergency room visits: Parent recall |
No |
ns |
|
| |
|
|
Acute GP visits: Parent recall |
No |
ns |
|
| |
|
[7] |
Asthma Summary Since Last Visit Questionnaire: |
No |
|
|
| |
|
|
Urgent medical visits |
|
<0.0001 |
|
| |
|
|
Emergency room visits |
|
0.0219 |
|
| |
|
[8] |
Unscheduled visits to the GP over past month: Parent recall |
No |
ns |
|
| |
|
[73] |
Emergency room visits over past 6 months: Parent questionnaire and GP electronic record |
Not stated |
ns |
|
| Hospitalisation |
6 |
[70] |
Hospitalisation over past 3 months
10
: Parent recall |
No |
ns |
|
| |
[67] |
Hospitalisation over past year: Parent recall |
No |
|
-0.14 |
|
| |
|
[7] |
Asthma Summary Since Last Visit Questionnaire: |
No |
|
|
| |
|
|
Hospitalisation |
|
0.0313 |
|
| |
|
|
Days of stay in hospital |
|
ns |
|
| |
|
[68] |
Hospitalisation over past year: Parent recall |
No |
ns |
|
| |
|
[8] |
Hospitalisation over past month: Parent recall |
No |
ns |
|
| [73] | Days of stay in hospital over past 6 months: Parent questionnaire and GP electronic record | Not stated | ns |
ES–effect size ns–not significant DNA–Did not attend Appt–appointment N/A–not applicable No.–number of FEV1–Forced expiratory volume PEV–Peak expiratory volume GP–General practitioner HbA1c–glycated haemoglobin N/K–not known.
1instruments or scales were developed by the authors, unless referenced.
2reliability of outcome measure/scale tested using Cronbach’s alpha.
3p ≤ 0.05.
4several questions could equally be categorised as ‘communication’, ‘satisfaction’ or ‘self-efficacy’. The most appropriate question(s) have been included in this Table.
5Homer, et al.[66] lacked comparison group satisfaction data, and have therefore not been included.
6not known–a chi-square test revealed no statistical significance between the 3 groups (which included a wait-list group) but no sub-analysis of the intervention and comparison group was provided.
7unable to find reference: Quittner, A.L. & Drotar, D. Controlled trial of family interventions for cystic fibrosis. [Research grant] National Institute of Health–October 1997-August 2003.
8Hazzard, et al.[65] utilised the STARBRIGHT World MI to explore it’s effect on children with asthma and sickle cell disease. The data is dealt with separately.
9significant only for those children with milder asthma symptoms.
10measured together, as emergency room/GP visits and hospitalisation.