Adjusted odds ratios calculated for GDF-15 groups compared with GDF-15 <1200 ng/L, from logistic regression models for CAC >10 and CAC ≥ 100 in the general population and in those without cardiovascular disease, adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL cholesterol, BMI, black or Hispanic race, eGFR, and LV mass/body surface area. Model for general population additionally adjusted for history of cardiovascular disease. CVD, self-reported history of MI, CHF, or stroke or evidence of median sternotomy or coronary stent on EBCT.