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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Immunol Rev. 2014 Mar;258(1):80–101. doi: 10.1111/imr.12147

Fig. 3. Impact of infections on alloimmunity and tolerance mechanisms.

Fig. 3

Infections result in the production of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and ligands for PRRs, resulting in signals that can enhance APC, T and B-cell activation, as well as antagonize adaptive cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic mechanisms of tolerance. Both result in augmented alloimmune responses within secondary lymphoid structures during priming as well as within the graft, ultimately leading to graft rejection.