Table 1.
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population
| All (N=142) | Osteopenia Hip (N=33) | Normal BMD Hip (N=109) | P-value | Osteopenia Spine (N=30) | Normal BMD Spine (N=112) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Demographics
| |||||||
| Age (years) | 46.3 (39.8, 52.6) | 49.2 (41.9,55.9) | 45.5 (36.4, 51.3) | 0.02 | 47.5 (42.4, 55.3) | 45.9 (38.8, 51.7) | 0.21 |
| Male | 111 (78) | 29 (88) | 81 (74) | 0.14 | 25 (83) | 86 (77) | 0.44 |
| Race | <0.001 | 0.002 | |||||
| African-American | 98 (69) | 14 (42) | 82 (78) | 14 (47) | 84 (75) | ||
| Other | 44 (31) | 19 (58) | 25 (42) | 16 (53) | 28 (25) | ||
| Smoker (current) | 91 (64) | 18 (55) | 72 (66) | 0.18 | 16 (53) | 75 (67) | 0.17 |
| Alcohol (current) | 65 (46) | 13 (39) | 51 (47) | 0.40 | 16 (53) | 49 (44) | 0.35 |
|
| |||||||
|
HIV-Related
| |||||||
| CD4(cells/μL) | 604 (425, 834) | 614 (444, 857) | 607 (418, 831) | 0.57 | 494 (361, 666) | 635 (432, 834) | 0.12 |
| Nadir CD4(cells/μL) | 188 (425, 300) | 153 (81, 323) | 199 (89, 300) | 0.75 | 161 (36, 276) | 199 (94, 301) | 0.25 |
| HIV-1 <50 (copies/mL) | 109 (77) | 26 (24) | 82 (76) | 0.58 | 21 (19) | 88 (81) | 0.28 |
| Duration HIV (mo) | 137 (11, 211) | 151 (84, 213) | 132 (70, 208) | 0.31 | 118 (77, 213) | 147 (72, 210) | 0.86 |
| Duration ART (mo) | 56 (30, 109) | 71 (23, 121) | 54 (30, 106) | 0.52 | 50 (22, 121) | 62 (30, 107) | 0.82 |
| Current tenofovir | 127 (89) | 32 (97) | 94 (88) | 0.19 | 29 (97) | 98 (88) | 0.19 |
| Cumulative tenofovir (mo) | 40 (18, 62) | 49 (27, 83) | 39 (13, 60) | 0.07 | 41 (23, 69) | 40 (17, 62) | 0.91 |
| Duration PI (mo) | 30 (0, 74) | 30 (0, 79) | 20 (0, 72) | 0.30 | 22 (0, 79) | 30 (0, 74) | 0.80 |
| Active hepatitis C | 12 (9) | 4 (12) | 8 (7) | 0.48 | 2 (7) | 10 (9) | 1.0 |
|
| |||||||
|
Traditional Bone Risk Factors
| |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 (23.5, 30.3) | 24.3 (22.3, 27.2) | 28.0 (24.3, 31.4) | 0.02 | 26.4 (23.2, 30.0) | 27.0 (23.5, 30.4) | 0.71 |
| 25(OH) Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 15.9 (11.7, 21.4) | 23.1 (14.7, 26.9) | 14.9 (11.6, 18.8) | 0.001 | 19.7 (13.0, 27.0) | 15.3 (11.7, 21.0) | 0.07 |
| Vitamin D intake (IU) | 158 (57, 423) | 233 (99, 450) | 143 (38, 427) | 0.03 | 140 (61, 440) | 188 (54, 432) | 0.94 |
| Calcium intake (mg) | 576 (303, 1150) | 969 (485, 1504) | 527 (291, 886) | 0.004 | 568 (343, 1323) | 576 (292, 1323) | 0.54 |
| Caloric intake (kcal) | 2034 (263, 3147) | 2081 (1502, 3161) | 1964 (1354, 3075) | 0.46 | 1926 (1505, 3161) | 2088 (1336, 3161) | 0.67 |
| Protein intake (g) | 15.4 (12.8, 17.8) | 16.4 (14.3, 18.3) | 15.1 (12.4, 17.7) | 0.08 | 15.0 (13.0, 17.5) | 15.6 (12.7, 17.5) | 0.73 |
| Physical activity (minutes/2 weeks) | 2495 (1010, 4610) | 2730 (910, 5040) | 2450 (1060, 4560) | 0.95 | 2393 (1380, 5200) | 2495 (925, 4550) | 0.48 |
| Family history hip fracture | 17 (12) | 7 (21) | 10 (9) | 0.12 | 8 (27) | 9 (8) | 0.01 |
Values presented as median (Q1, Q3) or frequency (%). BMD, bone mineral density; ART, antiretroviral therapy; BMI, body mass index.