Table 2.

Differences between male and female hop plants for growth traits

Trait	Age (months)	n female plants	Female plants mean ± SD	n male plants	Male plants mean ± SD	P value
Number of shoots	11	671	5.51 ± 4.92	378	5.50 ± 4.33	NS
	24	671	6.49 ± 6.15	378	9.06 ± 6.51	P < 0.0001
Length of the longest shoot	11	606	51.15 ± 33.79	359	51.84 ± 31.32	NS
	24	496	10.79 ± 10.66	327	13.21 ± 12.05	P < 0.005
Number of nodes on the longest shoot	11	606	7.04 ± 2.44	359	7.21 ± 2.44	NS
	24	496	2.80 ± 1.76	327	3.28 ± 1.90	P < 0.0005
Height (at flower initiation)	13	670	3.74 ± 1.29	376	3.58 ± 1.13	P < 0.05
	25	669	5.15 ± 1.00	378	5.03 ± 0.87	P < 0.05
Height (mid-season)	14	624	4.71 ± 1.43	352	3.99 ± 1.17	P < 0.0001
	26	669	5.87 ± 0.46	378	5.34 ± 0.80	P < 0.0001
Height (at cone maturity)	16	666	4.77 ± 0.79	376	4.10 ± 0.90	P < 0.0001
	28	663	4.79 ± 0.76	376	4.18 ± 0.70	P < 0.0001
Lateral length	16	650	50.12 ± 26.57	362	44.80 ± 21.37	P < 0.0005
	28	649	44.65 ± 29.02	333	45.12 ± 20.90	NS
Nodes on lateral	16	650	6.73 ± 3.89	356	6.01 ± 2.41	P < 0.0005
	28	650	6.81 ± 3.41	357	6.08 ± 2.77	P < 0.0005
Internode length	16	152	17.53 ± 4.21	79	17.19 ± 4.88	NS
	28	228	28.04 ± 23.16	111	24.46 ± 18.31	NS

Each trait was assessed in two seasons of plant growth; 'Age’ refers to the age of the plants at the time that each trait was assessed after the trial was planted. 'Female plants n’ refers to the number of female plants assessed for each trait. 'Female plants mean ± SD’ refers to the phenotypic mean and standard deviation of all female plants for each trait. 'Male plants n’ refers to the number of male plants assessed for each trait. 'Male plants mean ± SD’ refers to the phenotypic mean and standard deviation of all male plants for each trait. 'P value’ refers to the significance of similarity between phenotypic variances of female and male plants.