TABLE 1.
Association between participants’ characteristics and dietary long-chain ω-3 PUFAs in the VITamins And Lifestyle cohort1
| EPA + DHA from diet |
|||
| Characteristic | n | Intake | Age- and energy-adjusted ratio (95% CI)2 |
| mg/d | |||
| Age3 | |||
| <55 y | 6060 | 109.04 ± 1.02 | 1.00 (reference) |
| 55–59 y | 5095 | 109.97 ± 1.02 | 1.02 (0.98, 1.07) |
| 60–65 y | 3340 | 108.16 ± 1.02 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) |
| 65–69 y | 2640 | 110.75 ± 1.03 | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) |
| ≥70 y | 3100 | 98.47 ± 1.02 | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) |
| P-trend | 0.210 | ||
| Race | |||
| White | 18,842 | 106.23 ± 1.01 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Black | 195 | 130.70 ± 1.08 | 1.20 (1.01, 1.43) |
| Other race | 1118 | 130.88 ± 1.04 | 1.27 (1.18, 1.37) |
| Education | |||
| ≤High school graduate | 3995 | 82.96 ± 1.02 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Some college | 7804 | 101.88 ± 1.01 | 1.22 (1.16, 1.28) |
| ≥College graduate | 8347 | 128.50 ± 1.01 | 1.51 (1.43, 1.58) |
| BMI | |||
| <25.0 kg/m2 | 8349 | 109.83 ± 1.02 | 1.00 (reference) |
| 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | 6308 | 109.53 ± 1.02 | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) |
| 30.0–34.9 kg/m2 | 2801 | 106.11 ± 1.02 | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) |
| ≥35.0 kg/m2 | 1869 | 100.33 ± 1.03 | 0.80 (0.75, 0.85) |
| P-trend | <0.001 | ||
| Smoking | |||
| Nonsmoker | 11,451 | 108.08 ± 1.01 | 1.00 (reference) |
| <7.5 pack-years | 3340 | 118.58 ± 1.02 | 1.11 (1.06, 1.17) |
| 7.5–25.0 pack-years | 2730 | 107.62 ± 1.03 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) |
| ≥25.0 pack-years | 2612 | 93.27 ± 1.03 | 0.85 (0.81, 0.90) |
| P-trend | <0.001 | ||
| Alcohol | |||
| Nondrinker | 6668 | 82.25 ± 1.02 | 1.00 (reference) |
| <1.0 drink/d | 10,132 | 116.27 ± 1.01 | 1.31 (1.26, 1.36) |
| 1–1.9 drinks/d | 2039 | 147.23 ± 1.02 | 1.66 (1.56, 1.77) |
| ≥2.0 drinks/d | 1396 | 141.04 ± 1.03 | 1.46 (1.36, 1.57) |
| P-trend | <0.001 | ||
| Physical activity | |||
| Inactive | 2775 | 81.96 ± 1.02 | 1.00 (reference) |
| <3.7 MET-h/wk | 5786 | 98.90 ± 1.02 | 1.23 (1.17, 1.31) |
| 3.7–11.4 MET-h/wk | 5663 | 111.92 ± 1.02 | 1.39 (1.32, 1.47) |
| ≥11.4 MET-h/wk | 5780 | 128.73 ± 1.02 | 1.61 (1.52, 1.70) |
| P-trend | <0.001 | ||
| Reproductive health | |||
| Age at menarche | |||
| ≤11 y | 3453 | 106.69 ± 1.02 | 1.00 (reference) |
| 12 y | 6040 | 108.24 ± 1.02 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) |
| 13 y | 6100 | 110.78 ± 1.02 | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) |
| ≥14 y | 4559 | 103.24 ± 1.02 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) |
| P-trend | 0.849 | ||
| Age at menopause | |||
| ≤44 y | 2358 | 96.36 ± 1.03 | 1.00 (reference) |
| 45–49 y | 5195 | 103.78 ± 1.02 | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) |
| ≥50 y | 10,001 | 111.38 ± 1.01 | 1.13 (1.07, 1.20) |
| Premenopausal | 1260 | 118.72 ± 1.03 | 1.19 (1.09, 1.30) |
| Perimenopausal | 1014 | 109.65 ± 1.04 | 1.08 (0.98, 1.19) |
| Parity | |||
| Nulliparous | 2888 | 111.67 ± 1.03 | 1.00 (reference) |
| 1–2 | 8629 | 110.64 ± 1.01 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) |
| 3–4 | 5968 | 105.39 ± 1.02 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) |
| ≥5 | 1323 | 95.80 ± 1.04 | 0.87 (0.80, 0.94) |
| P-trend | 0.024 | ||
| Duration of combined hormone therapy | |||
| Never | 9748 | 104.00 ± 1.01 | 1.00 (reference) |
| 1–4 y | 3285 | 117.05 ± 1.02 | 1.12 (1.07, 1.18) |
| 5–9 y | 2935 | 109.23 ± 1.02 | 1.05 (1.00, 1.11) |
| ≥10 y | 3206 | 110.65 ± 1.02 | 1.09 (1.03, 1.14) |
| P-trend | 0.670 | ||
| Duration of estrogen-only hormone therapy | |||
| Never | 15,965 | 108.34 ± 1.01 | 1.00 (reference) |
| 1–4 y | 549 | 98.61 ± 1.05 | 0.96 (0.86, 1.06) |
| 5–9 y | 852 | 108.63 ± 1.05 | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) |
| ≥10 y | 431 | 105.65 ± 1.03 | 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) |
| P-trend | 0.795 | ||
| Duration of oral contraceptive use | |||
| Never | 5073 | 101.55 ± 1.02 | 1.00 (reference) |
| ≤4 y | 7703 | 110.52 ± 1.01 | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) |
| 5–9 y | 3755 | 109.80 ± 1.02 | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) |
| ≥10 y | 3519 | 108.26 ± 1.02 | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) |
| P-trend | 0.125 | ||
| Medical and family history | |||
| Oophoerectomy | |||
| No | 19,469 | 107.62 ± 1.01 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 766 | 108.50 ± 1.05 | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) |
| History of diabetes | |||
| No | 19,255 | 108.33 ± 1.01 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 980 | 95.16 ± 1.04 | 0.87 (0.80, 0.94) |
| Family history of uterine cancer | |||
| No | 18,965 | 108.03 ± 1.01 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 1029 | 101.52 ± 1.04 | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) |
| Family history of ovarian cancer | |||
| No | 19,322 | 107.52 ± 1.01 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 679 | 112.98 ± 1.04 | 1.04 (0.94, 1.14) |
1
MET-h, metabolic equivalent task hours.
2
Regression model predicting the natural logarithm of EPA + DHA. β-Coefficients and corresponding 95% CIs are expressed as eβ and eβ±1.96(SE), reflecting the ratio of EPA to DHA in those in a given category of a characteristic relative to the reference.
3
Adjusted for energy intake only.