TABLE 2.
Association between ω-3 PUFA intake and endometrial cancer risk in the VITamins And Lifestyle cohort1
| Energy-adjusted quintiles of fatty acid intake |
P-trend2 | |||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| ω-3 from diet | ||||||
| EPA, 20:5ω-3 (mg/d) | ≤18 | 19–35 | 36–54 | 55–84 | >84 | |
| No. of cases | 48 | 51 | 45 | 41 | 59 | |
| HR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.25 (0.80, 1.94) | 1.13 (0.72, 1.79) | 1.16 (0.73, 1.83) | 1.73 (1.14, 2.63) | 0.027 |
| DHA, 22:6ω-3 (mg/d) | ≤40 | 41–71 | 72–109 | 110–171 | >171 | |
| No. of cases | 48 | 46 | 55 | 40 | 55 | |
| HR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.12 (0.71, 1.76) | 1.41 (0.91, 2.18) | 1.09 (0.69, 1.74) | 1.66 (1.09, 2.55) | 0.036 |
| EPA + DHA (mg/d) | ≤60 | 61–106 | 107–164 | 165–256 | >256 | |
| No. of cases | 45 | 53 | 47 | 43 | 56 | |
| HR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.37 (0.88, 2.15) | 1.25 (0.79, 1.98) | 1.25 (0.79, 1.99) | 1.79 (1.16, 2.75) | 0.026 |
| ALA, 18:3ω-3 (mg/d) | ≤883 | 884–1088 | 1089–1300 | 1301–1615 | >1615 | |
| No. of cases | 56 | 45 | 45 | 52 | 46 | |
| HR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.83 (0.55, 1.27) | 0.79 (0.51, 1.23) | 0.96 (0.63, 1.44) | 0.85 (0.56, 1.29) | 0.687 |
| ω-3:ω-6 | ||||||
| Ratio of EPA + DHA to LA + AA (mg/d) | 0.0052 | 0.0053–0.0105 | 0.0106–0.0170 | 0.0171–0.0277 | >0.0277 | |
| No. of cases | 45 | 48 | 57 | 40 | 54 | |
| HR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.05 (0.67, 1.65) | 1.29 (0.82, 2.01) | 1.01 (0.63, 1.61) | 1.61 (1.04, 2.50) | 0.061 |
| ω-3 from diet plus supplement | ||||||
| EPA, 20:5ω-3 (mg/d) | ≤20 | 21–38 | 39–60 | 61–105 | >105 | |
| No. of cases | 52 | 53 | 46 | 46 | 47 | |
| HR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.19 (0.78, 1.81) | 1.05 (0.67, 1.64) | 1.16 (0.75, 1.80) | 1.23 (0.80, 1.89) | 0.418 |
| DHA, 22:6ω-3 (mg/d) | ≤43 | 44–75 | 76–118 | 119–191 | >191 | |
| No. of cases | 54 | 45 | 55 | 38 | 52 | |
| HR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.98 (0.63, 1.52) | 1.21 (0.79, 1.84) | 0.93 (0.59, 1.46) | 1.35 (0.89, 2.06) | 0.229 |
| EPA + DHA (mg/d) | ≤65 | 66–115 | 116–181 | 182–298 | >299 | |
| No. of cases | 53 | 49 | 46 | 44 | 52 | |
| HR (95% CI)3 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.06 (0.69, 1.63) | 1.01 (0.65, 1.57) | 1.08 (0.70, 1.67) | 1.33 (0.88, 2.01) | 0.211 |
1
AA, arachidonic acid; ALA, α-linolenic acid; LA, linoleic acid.
2
Calculated by treating ordinal exposure variables as continuous in regression models.
3
Derived from Cox proportional hazards regression models. Adjusted for age (time variable), race, education, BMI, pack-years of smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, age at menarche, age at first birth, age at menopause, parity, years of combined hormone therapy, years of estrogen-only therapy, years of oral contraceptive use, oophoerectomy, family history of uterine cancer, family history of ovarian cancer, history of diabetes, and total energy.