Table 5.
Multiple Tobit regression analyses with mean costs in 3-month period in € (year 2008 values) as dependent variable for total costs and by health care sector
| |
Predictor variables |
Total costs |
Inpatient costs |
Outpatient costs |
Nursing costs |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b (SE) (p-value) a | b (SE) (p-value) a | b (SE) (p-value) a | b (SE) (p-value) a | ||||||||||
| Predisposing factors |
Age (centered) |
13.33** |
(4.33) |
(0.002) |
9.51* |
(4.34) |
(0.028) |
3.44* |
(1.41) |
(0.015) |
2.70*** |
(0.62) |
(0.000) |
| Female gender (ref: male) |
21.65 |
(55.06) |
(0.694) |
53.46 |
(55.52) |
(0.336) |
-12.91 |
(17.89) |
(0.471) |
-2.70 |
(6.58) |
(0.682) |
|
| Marital status (ref: married) | |||||||||||||
| Single |
139.92 |
(148.79) |
(0.347) |
208.98 |
(187.53) |
(0.265) |
-5.57 |
(45.92) |
(0.903) |
30.72 |
(30.40) |
(0.312) |
|
| Divorced |
103.85 |
(104.36) |
(0.320) |
246.97 |
(139.17) |
(0.076) |
-23.71 |
(32.22) |
(0.462) |
6.68 |
(15.69) |
(0.670) |
|
| Widowed |
79.49 |
(74.99) |
(0.289) |
146.20 |
(84.96) |
(0.085) |
-16.02 |
(23.70) |
(0.499) |
6.57 |
(8.98) |
(0.465) |
|
| Education (ref: ≤ 9 years of schooling) | |||||||||||||
| 10-11 years of schooling |
-14.95 |
(69.77) |
(0.830) |
-46.73 |
(65.42) |
(0.475) |
41.26 |
(23.29) |
(0.077) |
9.80 |
(10.64) |
(0.357) |
|
| ≥ 12 years of schooling |
-122.42 |
(76.53) |
(0.110) |
-160.88** |
(62.54) |
(0.010) |
-26.87 |
(25.35) |
(0.289) |
2.40 |
(10.25) |
(0.815) |
|
| Body mass indexc |
11.37* |
(5.37) |
(0.034) |
1.74 |
(5.25) |
(0.740) |
5.88** |
(1.75) |
(0.001) |
0.54 |
(0.59) |
(0.362) |
|
| Enabling |
Incomeb c |
0.02 |
(0.043) |
(0.653) |
0.03 |
(0.04) |
(0.505) |
0.02 |
(0.014) |
(0.107) |
-0.01 |
(0.01) |
(0.382) |
| Private health insurance (ref: statutory) |
146.31 |
(106.51) |
(0.170) |
175.79 |
(130.97) |
(0.180) |
54.08 |
(34.31) |
(0.115) |
0.85 |
(14.65) |
(0.954) |
|
| Lubben social network scalec |
4.53 |
(5.17) |
(0.381) |
5.92 |
(5.06) |
(0.242) |
-1.01 |
(1.68) |
(0.548) |
0.31 |
(0.58) |
(0.596) |
|
| Need |
CIRS-G scorec |
41.18*** |
(5.05) |
(0.000) |
18.23*** |
(4.77) |
(0.000) |
17.19*** |
(1.64) |
(0.000) |
3.05*** |
(0.68) |
(0.000) |
| SF-12 Mental component summary (MCS)c |
-13.90*** |
(2.72) |
(0.000) |
-8.71*** |
(2.59) |
(0.001) |
-3.56*** |
(0.89) |
(0.000) |
-1.14*** |
(0.33) |
(0.001) |
|
| Averaged pseudo R2 |
|
0.003 |
0.008 |
0.004 |
0.007 |
||||||||
| Averaged Chi2 | 158.04 | 58.52 | 195.52 | 139.65 | |||||||||
aMultiple Tobit regression with marginal effects for the unconditional expected value E[y] of the dependent variable; bsquare root equivalence scale for 3 months; *p <0 .05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; SE = standard error; cthe variable was mean centered; N = 3,124 with multiple imputation, imputation steps 100, cycle length 200. The bold data denotes those effects being significant.