Table 1.

Validity and reliability of the LWDS-11 among university students of Lebanon

Items	Factor 1 Physiological dependence	Factor 2 Psychological craving	Factor 3 Negative reinforcement	Factor 4 Positive reinforcement
How many times were you able to stay 7 days without smoking waterpipe?	0.877
How many days could you stay without smoking waterpipe?	0.871
Number of smoked waterpipes per week?	0.798
Would you smoke waterpipe even if you are ill/bedridden?		0.836
Are you ready not to eat in exchange for a waterpipe?		0.827
Would you smoke waterpipe alone?		0.547
How much of your income are you ready to pay for waterpipe smoking?		0.426
Smokes waterpipe to relax his nerves			0.868
Smokes waterpipe to improve his morale			0.862
Smokes waterpipe to please others (conviviality)				0.910
Smokes waterpipe for pleasure				0.573
Cronbach's α reliability measure	0.806	0.659	0.671	0.527

LWDS-11,Lebanese Waterpipe Dependence Scale-11.