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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2013 Sep 24;10(11):643–655. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2013.170

Figure 1. Molecular carcinogenesis of Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer.

Figure 1

H. pylori and its several virulence factors, such as CagA, interact with gastric epithelial cells to induce chronic inflammation, mucosal damage and multiple alterations in gene expression and genetic and epigenetic changes, eventually leading to gastric carcinogenesis. Abbreviations: COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; CpG island, areas of cytosine and guanine repeats; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; VacA, vacuolating cytoxin A.