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A model for mid-day contrast sensitivity regulation. Dopamine, through a D4 receptor pathway, regulates the rhythmic expression of Npas2 in the GCL. NPAS2 in the retinal ganglion cells regulates the rhythmic expression of the Adcy1 gene in the GCL, which ultimately modulates day-time contrast sensitivity. CLOCK, in part through an Adcy1 independent mechanism, also regulates the circadian rhythm of contrast sensitivity. (Adapted from Hwang et al., J. Neurosci. 2013)
