Table.
Risk of cryptorchidism or hypospadias in male children of 150,144 mothers who were tested for gestational diabetes mellitus between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2008, Maccabi Healthcare Services.
| Clinical Characteristics | Cryptorchidism | Hypospadias | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes No. (%) |
No No. (%) |
OR (95% CI)a | Yes No. (%) |
No No. (%) |
OR (95% CI)a | |
|
| ||||||
| Gestational diabetes mellitus | ||||||
| Nob | 3,518 (96.4) | 140,794 (96.1) | 1.00 | 2,265 (96.7) | 142,047 (96.1) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 131 (3.6) | 5,701 (3.9) | 0.93 (0.77–1.10) | 77 (3.3) | 5,755 (3.9) | 0.83 (0.65–1.04) |
| Number of abnormal Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests (OGTT) among women diagnosed with gestational diabetesc | ||||||
| 2b | 82 (66.7) | 3,788 (70.5) | 1.00 | 59 (79.7) | 3,811 (70.3) | 1.00 |
| 3 or 4 | 41 (33.3) | 1,586 (29.5) | 1.18 (0.80–1.72) | 15 (20.3) | 1,612 (29.7) | 0.61 (0.34–1.08) |
| Insulin use among women diagnosed with gestational diabetesc | ||||||
| Nob | 115 (87.8) | 5,010 (87.9) | 1.00 | 69 (89.6) | 5,056 (87.9) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 16 (12.2) | 691 (12.1) | 1.04 (0.61–1.77) | 8 (10.4) | 699 (12.1) | 0.91 (0.43–1.91) |
a
adjusted for year of birth, and the following characteristics of the mother: birthplace, socioeconomic status, age at GDM testing, history of infertility treatment, use of in vitro fertilization treatment, and history of polycystic ovarian syndrome.
b
Reference category
c
GDM cases that were identified based on insulin therapy alone were excluded (n=335).