Table 3. Long ncRNA expression in the heart.

Long ncRNA	Cardiac function	Disease association	Expression in disease (↑/↓)	Methods of identification	Mechanism of regulation		Splice variants
ANRIL	Regulation of INK4/ARF locus, genes involved in nuclear and chromatin architecture56	Cardiac hypertrophy, Atherosclerosis	↑	RNA-ChIP, RACE-PCR, circRNA assays		Chromatin interaction	Reported
cTnI-AS	Regulation of cTnI mRNA72	Unknown	Unknown	RACE		RNA duplex formation	None reported
NPPA-AS1	Regulation of NPPA mRNA68	Unknown	Unknown	RACE		RNA duplex formation	Reported
AS-UCN	Regulation of sense transcription/translation124	Unknown	Unknown	RNase Protection Assay		Overlapping sense transcription	None reported
MIAT or Gomafu	Splicing, Retinal cell fate specification125	Myocardial Infarction	↑	Northern blot, RACE		Chromatin interaction / Nanog TF binding	Reported
Fendrr	Cardiac mesoderm formation17	Unknown	Unknown	RACE, RNA-ChIP, ISH		Chromatin interaction	None reported
MHM	Cardiomyocyte Proliferation126	Cardiac hypertrophy, arrhythmia	Unknown	Northern blot, In Situ hybridization		Chromatin interaction	Reported
H19	Imprinting and Igf2 regulation65	Hypertrophy & Heart failure	↑	RNA-ChIP, Strand-specific PCR		Chromatin interaction	Reported
91H (AS-H19)	Regulation of Igf2127	Unknown	Unknown	Strand-specific PCR		Unknown	None reported
Kcnq1ot1	Embryonic heart formation, Regulation of Cdkn1c, KvLQT1 genes91	Unknown	Unknown	RACE, FISH, RNA-ChIP		Chromatin interaction	Reported
FMR1-AS1 or FMR4	Cell proliferation128	Proposed	Unknown	RACE, Northern blot		Chromatin interaction proposed	Reported
Air	Embryonic heart formation, Imprinting of Igf2r in adult hearts129	Unknown	Unknown	RNA-ChIP, FISH		Chromatin interaction	Reported
MLC-ALC-1 antisense	Regulation of MLC-1 mRNA130	ToF, HOCM	↑	Strand-specific PCR		Unknown	None reported
AS-TGFβ3	Hear chamber formation131	Unknown	Unknown	RNase protection assay		RISC-mediated silencing proposed	None reported
sONE (AS-eNOS)	eNOS synthesis132	Unknown	Unknown	Strand-specific PCR, In Situ hybridization		Unknown	None reported
SRA	Myogenesis, SRA proteins synthesis133	DCM	↓	Strand-specific PCR, Splice variant assays, RNA-ChIP		Chromatin interaction	Reported
AS β-MHC	β-MHC gene transcription61	Cardiac hypertrophy	↓	Strand-specific PCR		Chromatin interaction	None reported
Braveheart	Cardiovascular lineage commitment16	Unknown	Unknown	RACE, native RNA-IP		Chromatin interaction	Reported

ANRIL, Antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus; cTnI, Cardiac troponin I; NPPA-AS1, natriuretic peptide precursor A-antisense transcript 1; AS-UCN, Urocortin antisense; MIAT, Myocardial Infarction associated transcript; MHM, Male HyperMethylated; MLC-ALC-1, myosin light chain-atrial light chain-1;AS-TGFβ3, Transforming growth factor β-3 antisense RNA; SRA, steroid receptor RNA activator; ToF, tetrology of fallot; HOCM, Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy. RACE, Rapid amplification of cDNA ends; FISH, Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization.