Table 1. Characteristics of incident CKD patients, stratified by cumulative use of NSAIDs during the follow-up, and results from ordinary and cumulative logistic regressions.
| Non-use of NSAIDs N = 870 (%) | < 180 days of NSAID use N = 934 (%) | Adj. OR* (95% CI) <180 days of NSAID use vs. non-use | ≥ 180 days of NSAID use N = 185 (%) | Adj. OR*(95% CI) ≥180 days of NSAID use vs. non-use | Cumulative logistic regression* | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 456 (52.4) | 460 (49.3) | 0.88(0.73–1.06) | 64 (34.6) | 0.48(0.34 –0.67) | 0.74 (0.63–0.88) |
| Female | 414 (47.6) | 474 (50.7) | 1 | 121 (65.4) | 1 | 1 |
| Mean age ± SD | 72.6 ± 15.0 | 72.1 ± 12.3 | 72.2 ± 10.0 | |||
| Mean duration of follow-up (years) | 1.8 (0 – 5.9) | 3.0 (0 – 6.0) | 4.0 (0.6 – 6.0) | |||
| Age categories | ||||||
| <45 | 55 (6.3) | 26 (2.8) | 1 | 1 (0.5) | 1 | 1 |
| 45–64 | 148 (17.1) | 197 (21.1) | 2.81 (1.67 –4.7) | 40 (21.6) | 14.86 (1.99–110.75) | 3.3 (2.03–5.49) |
| 65–80 | 357 (41.0) | 474 (50.7) | 2.81(1.73 –4.57) | 102 (55.1) | 15.71 (2.19 –114.94) | 3.39 (2.11–5.45) |
| >80 | 310 (35.6) | 237 (25.4) | 1.62 (0.98–2.66) | 42 (22.8) | 7.45 (1.00–55.27) | 1.92 (1.18–3.13) |
| Comorbidities1 | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 296 (34) | 358 (38.3) | 1.20 (0.99–1.46) | 71 (38.4) | 1.15 (0.82–1.60) | 1.17 (0.98–1.39) |
| Hypertension | 736 (84.6) | 819 (87.7) | 1.39 (1.04–1.85) | 159 (85.9) | 1.09 (0.66–1.78) | 1.26 (0.97–1.64) |
| Ischemicheartdisease | 329 (37.8) | 357 (38.2) | 1.05 (0.86–1.27) | 48 (25.9) | 0.59 (0.41–0.85) | 0.89 (0.74–1.06) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 153 (17.6) | 133 (14.2) | 0.78 (0.61–1.01) | 26 (14.1) | 0.75 (0.47–1.19) | 0.79 (0.62–1.00) |
| Liver disease | 76 (8.7) | 45 (4.8) | 0.53 (0.36–0.78) | 8 (4.3) | 0.49 (0.23–1.04) | 0.53 (0.37–0.76) |
| Malignant neoplasm | 101 (11.6) | 101 (10.8) | 0.95 (0.71–1.27) | 10 (5.4) | 0.46 (0.24–0.91) | 0.82 (0.62–1.08) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 13 (1.5) | 21 (2.2) | 1.50 (0.75–3.02) | 8 (4.3) | 2.78 (1.12–6.90) | 1.89 (1.05–3.41) |
| Osteoarthritis | 443 (50.9) | 675 (72.3) | 2.74 (2.23–3.36) | 156 (84.3) | 5.75 (3.68–8.97) | 3.04 (2.51–3.69) |
| Enthesopathies | 6 (0.7) | 5 (0.5) | 0.77 (0.23–2.53) | 3 (1.6) | 2.52 (0.61–10.41) | 1.36 (0.49–3.75) |
| Gout | 255 (29.3) | 250 (26.8) | 0.92 (0.72–1.18) | 36 (19.4) | 0.58 (0.35–0.96) | 0.82 (0.65–1.04) |
| Dyslipidemia | 251 (28.8) | 319 (34.1) | 1.29 (1.05–1.57) | 54 (29.2) | 1.01 (0.71–1.44) | 1.18 (0.98–1.41) |
| Concomitant drugs1 | ||||||
| Corticosteroids | 264 (30.3) | 305 (32.7) | 1.13 (0.92–1.38) | 65 (35.1) | 1.27 (0.91–1.79) | 1.16 (0.96–1.39) |
| Vitamin A and/or D† | 92 (10.6) | 111 (11.9) | 1.10 (0.82–1.49) | 25 (13.5) | 1.07 (0.66–1.75) | 1.08 (0.82–1.41) |
| Opioids | 134 (15.4) | 135 (14.5) | 0.92 (0.71–1.20) | 27 (14.6) | 0.85 (0.54–1.35) | 0.91 (0.72–1.16) |
SD = standard deviation; 95% CI = confidence interval; adj. OR = adjusted OR; mean duration of follow-up (years): mean follow-up between date of incident CKD diagnosis (i.e. index date) and end of the follow-up.
*The analysis was adjusted by sex and age.
1 Co-morbidities and concomitant drugs have been evaluated any time prior to the index date and they are not mutually exclusive.
†
Combination therapy consisting of vitamin A and D (ATC: A11CB) or vitamin D/vitamin D analogues (ATC: A11CC).