Table 1.

Current status and rationale of biomarkers included in the current study

Parameter	Preclinical	Clinical
A1M		Increased in AKI patients post cardiopulmonary bypass35
B2M	Increased with gentamicin sulfate or cisplatin treatment in rats36	Increased with fumaric acid treatment for psoriasis37
Calbindin	Increased with gentamicin sulfate treatment in rats36 Increased with a triple reuptake inhibitor in monkeys38	Increased with cisplatin treatment34
Clusterin	Increased with gentamicin sulfate, 2-bromoethylamine, or cisplatin treatment in rats36 Increased with a triple reuptake inhibitor in monkeys38 Increased with n-phenylanthranilic acid39 Had a higher diagnostic value than BUN and serum creatinine40
CTGF	Increased in diabetic rats41	Increased in diabetics with nephropathy and a small portion of diabetics without nephropathy41
Cystatin C	Increased with gentamicin sulfate, 2-bromoethylamine, or cisplatin treatment in rats36 Had a higher diagnostic value than BUN and serum creatinine40 Increased with paraquat treatment42	Increased in patients with AKI compared with healthy volunteers33 Predicted AKI in sepsis critically ill patients43
GSTα	Increased with gentamicin sulfate, 2-bromoethylamine, or cisplatin treatment in rats36 Increased with cisplatin treatment44	Increased in subjects treated with amphotericin B desoxycholate45
KIM-1	Increased with gentamicin sulfate, 2-bromoethylamine, or cisplatin treatment in rats36 Increased with paraquat treatment42 Increased with cisplatin treatment44	Increased in patients with AKI compared with healthy volunteers33
Microalbumin	Increased with cisplatin treatment44	Increased in AKI patients post cardiopulmonary bypass35
NAG	Increased with cisplatin treatment44	Increased in patients with AKI compared to healthy volunteers33 Increased in AKI patients post cardiopulmonary bypass35
NGAL	Increased with gentamicin sulfate, 2-bromoethylamine, or cisplatin treatment in rats36	Increased in patients with AKI compared with healthy volunteers33 Increased in AKI patients post cardiopulmonary bypass35
Osteopontin	Increased with gentamicin sulfate, 2-bromoethylamine, or cisplatin treatment in rats36 Increased with cisplatin treatment44	Subjects with AKI had higher values than subjects without AKI46
THP		Neonates with AKI had lower levels of THP (uromodulin)47
TIMP-1		Is higher in patient with renal disease than controls48
TFF3	Decreased in rats treated with cisplatin49	Higher levels may indicate ongoing repair in the kidney50
VEGF		Increased in patients with AKI compared with healthy volunteers33

Abbreviations: A1M, alpha-1-microglobulin; AKI, acute kidney injury; B2M, β2-microglobulin; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; GSTα, glutathione S-transferase alpha; KIM-1, kidney injury marker-1; NAG, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; THP, Tamm-Horsfall urinary glycoprotein; TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1; TFF3, trefoil factor 3; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.