Table 1.
List of Fungi, Mesomycetozoea and Oomycetes species, which have been recorded as fish parasites in the Web of Knowledge since 1997.
| Species | Order | Reported hosts | Generalist index | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FUNGI | ||||
| Cladosporium sphaerospermum | Capnodiales | Lutjanus campechanu | NA | Blaylock et al., 2001 |
| Exophiala angulospora | Chaetothyriales | Gadus morhua | NA | Gjessing et al., 2011 |
| Exophiala pisciphila | Chaetothyriales | Stegostoma fasciatum | NA | Marancik et al., 2011 |
| Exophiala xenobiotica | Chaetothyriales | Pseudocaranx dentex | NA | Munchan et al., 2009 |
| Paecilomyces lilacinus | Eurotiales | Clarias gariepinus | 2 | Rand et al., 2000a,b; Ali et al., 2011 |
| Oreochromis niloticus niloticus | ||||
| Tilapia aurea | ||||
| Penicillium corylophilum | Eurotiales | Lutjanus campechanus | NA | Blaylock et al., 2001 |
| Ochroconis humicola | Incertae sedis | Pseudocaranx dentex | 3.3 | Wada et al., 2005; Munchan et al., 2009 |
| Pagrus major | ||||
| Sebastiscus marmoratus | ||||
| Mucor circinelloides | Mucorales | Pelteobagrus fulvidraco | 5 | Ke et al., 2010; Marancik et al., 2011 |
| Pseudocaranx dentex | ||||
| Phoma herbarum | Pleosporales | Clarias gariepinus | 4 | Faisal et al., 2007; Ali et al., 2011 |
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha | ||||
| Oreochromis niloticus niloticus | ||||
| Phialemonium dimorphosporum | Sordariales | Mugil cephalus | NA | Sosa et al., 2007a,b |
| Ochroconis humicola | Incertae sedis | Pseudocaranx dentex | 3.3 | Wada et al., 2005; Munchan et al., 2009 |
| Pagrus major | ||||
| Sebastiscus marmoratus | ||||
| MESOMYCETOZOEA | ||||
| Dermocystidium cyprini | Dermocystida | fluviatilis | 3.3 | Lotman et al., 2000; Pekkarinen and Lotman, 2003 |
| Gymnocephalus cernuus | ||||
| Cyprinus carpio | ||||
| Dermocystidium fennicum | Dermocystida | PercaPerca fluviatilis | NA | Pekkarinen and Lotman, 2003 |
| Dermocystidium koi | Dermocystida | Cyprinus carpio | NA | Gjurcevic et al., 2008 |
| Dermocystidium percae | Dermocystida | Perca fluviatilis | NA | Morley et al., 2008 |
| Dermocystidium branchiale | Dermocystida | Salvelinus alpinus | 2 | Kristmundsson and Richter, 2009 |
| Salmo trutta | ||||
| Sphaerothecum destruens | Dermocystida | Abramis brama | 3.6 | Arkush et al., 1998; Gozlan et al., 2005; Andreou et al., 2012; Paley et al., 2012 |
| Cyprinus carpio | ||||
| Leucaspius delineatus | ||||
| Oncorhynchus kisutch | ||||
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | ||||
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha | ||||
| Pseudorasbora parva | ||||
| Rutilus rutilus | ||||
| Salmo salar | ||||
| Salmo trutta | ||||
| Salvelinus fontinalis | ||||
| Ichthyophonus hoferi | Ichthyophonida | Citharichthys stigmaeus | 3.6 | Rahimian, 1998; Criscione et al., 2002; Hershberger et al., 2002; Schmidt-Posthaus and Wahli, 2002; Gavryuseva, 2007; Kocan et al., 2010; Kramer-Schadt et al., 2010; Rasmussen et al., 2010; Gregg et al., 2012; Hamazaki et al., 2013 |
| Clupea harengus | ||||
| Clupea pallasi | ||||
| Hypomesus pretiosus | ||||
| Microgadus proximus | ||||
| Oncorhynchus kisutch | ||||
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | ||||
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha | ||||
| Pleuronectes flesus | ||||
| Salmo trutta | ||||
| Sebastes alutus | ||||
| Sebastes emphaeus | ||||
| Sebastes flavidus | ||||
| Sprattus sprattus | ||||
| Ichthyophonus irregularis | Ichthyophonida | Limanda ferruginea | NA | Rand et al., 2000a,b |
| OOMYCETES | ||||
| Achlya bisexualis | Saprolegniales | Mugil cephalus | NA | Sosa et al., 2007a |
| Achlya klebsiana | Saprolegniales | Oreochromis niloticus niloticus | 2.3 | Ali et al., 2011; Cao et al., 2013 |
| Clarias gariepinus | ||||
| Pelteobagrus fuvidraco | ||||
| Achlya americana | Saprolegniales | Coregonus lavaretus holsatus | NA | Czeczuga et al., 2004 |
| Achlya. oblongata | Saprolegniales | Coregonus lavaretus holsatus | NA | Czeczuga et al., 2004 |
| Achlya racemosa | Saprolegniales | Odonthestes bonariensis | NA | Pacheco Marino et al., 2009 |
| Achlya ambisexualis | Saprolegniales | Oncorhynchus mykiss | NA | Vega-Ramirez et al., 2013 |
| Aphanomyces parasiticus | Saprolegniales | Coregonus lavaretus holsatus | NA | Czeczuga et al., 2004 |
| Aphanomyces frigidophilus | Saprolegniales | Coregonus lavaretus holsatus | 2 | Czeczuga et al., 2004, 2005 |
| Salmo trutta | ||||
| Aphanomyces invadans | Saprolegniales | Alosa sapidissima | ||
| Anguilla anguilla | ||||
| Ameiurus melas | ||||
| Archosargus probatocephalus | ||||
| Bairdiella chrysoura | ||||
| Brevoortia tyrannus | ||||
| Brycinus lateralis | ||||
| Barbus poechii | ||||
| Barbus paludinosus | ||||
| Barbus unitaeniatus | ||||
| Catla catla | ||||
| Channa marulius | ||||
| Clarias gariepinus | ||||
| Clarias ngamensis | ||||
| Cyprinus carpio | ||||
| Fundulus heteroclitus | ||||
| Fundulus majalis | ||||
| Hepsetus odoe | ||||
| Hydrocynus vittatus | ||||
| Ictalurus punctatus | ||||
| Leiopotherapon unicolor | ||||
| Labeo lunatus | ||||
| Labeo cylindricus | ||||
| Lepomis macrochirus | ||||
| Macquaria ambigua | ||||
| Maccullochella peelii | ||||
| Marcusenius macrolepidotus | ||||
| Micralestes acutidens | ||||
| Micropterus salmoides | ||||
| Mugil cephalus | ||||
| Mugil curema | ||||
| Nematalosa erebi | ||||
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | ||||
| Oreochromis andersonii | ||||
| Oreochromis macrochir | ||||
| Petrocephalus catostoma | ||||
| Pharyngochromis acuticeps | ||||
| Pogonias cromis | ||||
| Sargochromis codringtonii | ||||
| Sargochromis giardi | ||||
| Serranochromis robustus | ||||
| Serranochromis angusticeps | ||||
| Serranochromis macrocephalus | ||||
| Schilbe intermedius | ||||
| Silurus glanis | ||||
| Tilapia sparrmanii | ||||
| Tilapia rendalli | Trinectus maculates | 3.7 | Thompson et al., 1999; Hawke et al., 2003; Harikrishnan et al., 2005; Kiryu et al., 2005; Webb et al., 2005; Vandersea et al., 2006; Sosa et al., 2007b; Oidtmann et al., 2008; Saylor et al., 2010; Boys et al., 2012; Go et al., 2012; Huchzermeyer and Van der Waal, 2012; Saikia and Kamilya, 2012 | |
| Aphanomyces irregularis | Saprolegniales | Coregonus lavaretus holsatus | NA | Czeczuga et al., 2004 |
| Aphanomyces laevis | Saprolegniales | Aplocheilus panchax | 4 | Mondal and De, 2002; Ali et al., 2011 |
| Clarias gariepinus | ||||
| Oreochromis niloticus niloticus | ||||
| Aphanomyces salsuginosus | Saprolegniales | Salangichthys microdon | NA | Takuma et al., 2010 |
| Saprolegnia australis | Saprolegniales | Oncorhynchus nerka | 3.3 | Hussein et al., 2001; Chang et al., 2002; Fregeneda-Grandes et al., 2007 |
| Plecoglossus altivelis | ||||
| Salmo trutta | ||||
| Saprolegnia brachydanis | Saprolegniales | Danio rerio | NA | Ke et al., 2009a,b |
| Saprolegnia diclina | Saprolegniales | Acipencer persicus | 3.3 | Leano et al., 1999; Fregeneda-Grandes et al., 2007; Ghiasi et al., 2010; Shahbazian et al., 2010; Thoen et al., 2011 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss Salmo salar eggs | ||||
| Salmo trutta | ||||
| Sciaenops ocellatus | ||||
| Saprolegnia ferax | Saprolegniales | Carassiuus auratus | 3.6 | Czeczuga et al., 2004; Fregeneda-Grandes et al., 2007; Ke et al., 2009a,b; Pacheco Marino et al., 2009; Shahbazian et al., 2010; Cao et al., 2013 |
| Coregonus lavaretus holsatus | ||||
| Odonthestes bonariensis | ||||
| Oncorhynchus mykiss eggs | ||||
| Salmo trutta | ||||
| Saprolegnia furcata | Saprolegniales | Salmo trutta | NA | Fregeneda-Grandes et al., 2007 |
| Saprolegnia hypogyana | Oncorhynchus mykiss eggs | 2 | Fregeneda-Grandes et al., 2007; Shahbazian et al., 2010 | |
| Salmo trutta | ||||
| Saprolegnia parasitica | Saprolegniales | Acipencer persicus | ||
| Astyanax eigenmanniorum | ||||
| Astyanax fasciatus | ||||
| Bidyanus bidyanus | ||||
| Coregonus lavaretus holsatus | ||||
| Ictalurus punctatus | ||||
| Odontesthes bonariensis | ||||
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | ||||
| Oncorhynchus masu | ||||
| eggs Oncorhynchus nerka | 3.3 | Bangyeekhun et al., 2001; Hussein and Hatai, 2002; Czeczuga et al., 2004; Fregeneda-Grandes et al., 2007; Mancini et al., 2008, 2010; Mifsud and Rowland, 2008; Ghiasi et al., 2010; Shahbazian et al., 2010; Thoen et al., 2011 | ||
| Salmo salar eggs Salmo trutta | ||||
| Salvelinus leucomaenis | ||||
| Saprolegnia polymorpha | Saprolegniales | Cyprinus carpio | NA | Willoughby, 1998 |
| Saprolegnia salmonis | Saprolegniales | Coregonus lavaretus holsatus | 2.4 | Hussein et al., 2001; Chang et al., 2002; Hussein and Hatai, 2002; Czeczuga et al., 2004, 2005 |
| Oncorhynchus masu | ||||
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | ||||
| Oncorhynchus nerka | ||||
| Plecoglossus altivelis | ||||
| Salmo trutta | ||||
| Salvelinus leucomaenis | ||||
| Saprolegnia shikotsuensis | Saprolegniales | Coregonus lavaretus holsatus | NA | Czeczuga et al., 2005 |
| Pythium aquatile | Pythiales | Coregonus lavaretus holsatus | NA | Czeczuga et al., 2004 |
| Pythium pulchrum | Pythiales | Coregonus lavaretus holsatus | NA | Czeczuga et al., 2004 |
| Pythium thalassium | Pythiales | Coregonus lavaretus holsatus | NA | Czeczuga et al., 2004 |
| Pythium torulosum | Pythiales | Coregonus lavaretus holsatus | NA | Czeczuga et al., 2004 |
A generalist index was calculated for each parasite using the method described in Poulin and Mouillot (2003); where species with two or more hosts can have generalist indices ranging from 1 (all host species share the same genus) to 5, using the five taxonomic levels of genus, family, order, class, and phylum. NA stands for non-applicable as the index cannot be calculated when only one host has been reported. The fish taxonomy proposed by Nelson (1994) was used in calculating all generalist indices.