Table 2.

Trial Characteristics According to Status with Respect to Clinical-Event End Point and a Cost of $5 Million or More.

Variable	Both Clinical-Event End Point and Cost ≥$5 Million (N = 37)	Either Clinical- Event End Point or Cost ≥$5 Million (N = 31)	Neither Clinical- Event End Point nor Cost ≥$5 Million (N = 176)
Total cost (millions of $)	1356	264	402
Mean cost per trial (millions of $)	36.6	8.5	2.3
Characteristic of the trial (%)
Multiple awards*	57	45	1
Funded by contract or cooperative agreement	84	61	8
Sample size ≥1000	84	26	6
Behavioral intervention	14	45	66
Cluster randomization	5	10	23
Completion date before January 1, 2010	76	65	70
Primary-end-point results
Positive	16	39	45
Negative	84	61	48
Uncertain	0	0	7

^*This category does not include all multicenter trials, since some of those trials were funded through a single grant or contract.