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Functionally distinct Th17 cell subsets are induced by different cytokines. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF)-β plus interleukin (IL)-6 promote the maturation of regulatory (Treg17) cells and IL-23 drives the pathogenic (Teff17) cells. These cells differentially produce increased (↑) or reduced (↓) levels of pro-inflammatory and/or regulatory cytokines.
