Figure 4.

EFs activate several kinase signaling pathways. Membrane proteins transduce the electric signal by activating several intracellular signaling pathways. Eventually, transmission of the electric signal to downstream kinase effectors induces phosphorylation of proteins at Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues controlling the cell polarization and migration events that are essential for wound healing. The action of protein kinases is reversed by protein phosphatases (PPs). Strikingly, the identity of PPs involved in counteracting the action of kinases during electrotaxis remains largely unstudied. To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/wound