TABLE 1.
Summary of measurements of body size, syrinx, and vocal tract in male and female starlings
| Length/width/height in mm; area in mm2; mass in g; volume in ml; Nm,f = 8 |
Coefficient of variation (%) |
Male/female difference (%) |
m/f Comparison |
Dorsoventral shape change (ANOVA, df1 = 9, df2 = 70) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body mass | m: 76.6 ± 7.0 | 9.1 | 109.4 | T = –2.27 | ||
| f: 70.0 ± 4.2 | 6.0 | P = 0.04 | ||||
| Tarsus length | m: 29.7 ± 0.9 | 2.9 | 101.8 | T = –1.4 | ||
| f: 29.2 ± 0.6 | 2.1 | P = 0.18 | ||||
| Beak width | m: 8.5 ± 0.6 | 7.1 | 105.3 | T = –1.93 | ||
| f: 8.0 ± 0.3 | 4.3 | P = 0.07 | ||||
| Beak height | m: 8.6 ± 0.9 | 10.7 | 107.1 | T = –1.47 | ||
| f: 8.0 ± 0.6 | 7.4 | P = 0.16 | ||||
| Beak length | m: 28.0 ± 1.4 | 4.8 | 105.4 | T = –2.27 | ||
| f: 27.0 ± 1.2 | 4.3 | P = 0.04 | ||||
| Head width | m: 14.4 ± 1.5 | 10.1 | 105.5 | T = –1.28 | ||
| f: 13.7 ± 0.8 | 5.6 | P = 0.22 | ||||
| Max. OEC vol. | m: 3.7 ± 0.2 | 6.0 | 96.6 | T = 0.39 | ||
| N1 =4;N2 =8 | f: 3.8 ± 0.6 | 16.3 | P = 0.70 | |||
| Epibrachiale left | m: 13.8 ± 0.8 | 6.1 | 101.9 | T = –0.77 | ||
| f: 13.5 ± 0.4 | 3.0 | P = 0.45 | ||||
| Epibrachiale right | m: 13.4 ± 1.4 | 10.4 | 98.7 | T = 0.35 | ||
| f: 13.5 ± 0.4 | 3.3 | P = 0.73 | ||||
| Ceratobrachiale left | m: 13.6 ± 1.2 | 8.1 | 99.8 | T = 0.05 | ||
| f: 14.6 ± 1.2 | 8.6 | P = 0.95 | ||||
| Ceratobrachiale right | m: 14.6 ± 1.2 | 7.9 | 99.3 | T = 0.17 | ||
| f: 14.7 ± 1.2 | 8.2 | P = 0.87 | ||||
| Trachea length | m: 32.5 ± 1.8 | 5.5 | 103.7 | T = –1.2 | ||
| f: 31.2 ± 1.8 | 5.6 | P = 0.24 | ||||
| Trachea area | m: 0.35 ± 0.05 | 15.4 | 97.9 | T = 0.28 | ||
| f: 0.36 ± 0.05 | 13.7 | P = 0.78 | ||||
| Bronchus area left | m: 0.21 ± 0.04 | 17.0 | 100.0 | T=0 | ||
| f: 0.22 ± 0.04 | 16.8 | P = 1.0 | ||||
| Bronchus area right | m: 0.20 ± 0.03 | 16.2 | 96.9 | T = 0.34 | ||
| f: 0.20 ± 0.04 | 19.9 | P = 0.74 | ||||
| Syrinx mass | m: 0.18 ± 0.02 | 8.1 | 135.5 | T = –5.23 | ||
| f: 0.14 ± 0.02 | 15.7 | P < 0.001 | ||||
| P (area) | m: 0.21 ± 0.05 | 25.0 | 106.7 | T = –0.51 | m: F = 10.61, | P < 0.001 |
| A1-l (area) | m: 0.19 ± 0.01 | 8.1 | 115.8 | T = 23.7 | m: F = 7.3, | P < 0.001 |
| f: 0.17 ± 0.02 | 9.5 | P < 0.01 | f: F = 1.63, | P < 0.001 | ||
| A2-l (area) | m: 0.21 ± 0.05 | 23.5 | 105.8 | T = –0.51 | m: F =5.5, | P < 0.001 |
| f: 0.20 ± 0.02 | 8.3 | P = 0.62 | f: F = 16.7, | P < 0.001 | ||
| A3-l (area) | m: 0.06 ± 0.01 | 20.8 | 119.3 | T = 21.76 | m: F = 1.77, | P = 0.09 |
| f: 0.05 ± 0.01 | 16.6 | P = 0.10 | f: F = 4.3, | P < 0.001 | ||
| A1-r (area) | m: 0.20 ± 0.01 | 6.2 | 111.0 | T = –2.48 | m: F = 7.38, | P < 0.001 |
| f: 0.18 ± 0.02 | 10.7 | P = 0.026 | f: F = 16.9, | P < 0.001 | ||
| A2-r (area) | m: 0.20 ± 0.03 | 16.7 | 123.7 | T = –2.36 | m: F = 11.38, | P < 0.001 |
| f: 0.17 ± 0.02 | 13.4 | P = 0.033 | f: F = 17.3, | P < 0.001 | ||
| A3-r (area) | m: 0.06 ± 0.01 | 20.6 | 105.3 | T = –0.38 | m: F = 7.65, | P < 0.001 |
| f: 0.06 ± 0.01 | 21.5 | P = 0.71 | f: F = 1.4, | P = 0.19 | ||
| LL-area-l | m: 0.14 ± 0.03 | 21.4 | 109.0 | T = –1.09 | m: F = 3.0, | P < 0.01 |
| f: 0.13 ± 0.02 | 16.0 | P = 0.29 | f: F = 12.9, | P < 0.001 | ||
| ML-area-l | m: 0.14 ± 0.03 | 23.5 | 142.4 | T = –2.63 | m: F = 22.5, | P < 0.001 |
| f: 0.10 ± 0.03 | 34.7 | P = 0.02 | f: F = 11.4, | P < 0.001 | ||
| ML-length-l | m: 0.80 ± 0.09 | 11.8 | 100.6 | T = 21.11 | m: F = 10.0, | P < 0.001 |
| f: 0.79 ± 0.11 | 13.8 | P = 0.28 | f: F = 4.5, | P < 0.001 | ||
| MTM-length-l | m: 0.41 ± 0.19 | 48.4 | 69.1 | T = 2.86 | m: F = 16.7, | P < 0.001 |
| f: 0.59 ± 0.17 | 28.6 | P = 0.012 | f: F = 8.4, | P < 0.001 | ||
| Combined ML-MTM length-l | m: 1.21 ± 0.19 | 16.3 | 87.2 | T = 2.11 | m: F = 3.6, | P < 0.01 |
| f: 1.39 ± 0.2 | 14.7 | P = 0.052 | f: F = 5.9, | P < 0.001 | ||
| LL-area-r | m: 0.09 ± 0.02 | 18.3 | 107.8 | T = –0.48 | m: F = 3.0, | P < 0.01 |
| f: 0.09 ± 0.02 | 26.3 | P = 0.63 | f: F = 1.5, | P = 0.15 | ||
| ML-area-r | m: 0.03 ± 0.008 | 25.5 | 108.8 | T = –0.84 | m: F = 11.7, | P < 0.001 |
| f: 0.04 ± 0.008 | 21.6 | P = 0.41 | f: F = 4.4, | P < 0.001 | ||
| ML-length-r | m: 0.37 ± 0.05 | 15.4 | 92.3 | T = 1.44 | m: F = 7.2, | P < 0.001 |
| f: 0.40 ± 0.03 | 9.1 | P = 0.17 | f: F = 6.5, | P < 0.001 | ||
| MTM-length-r | m: 0.66 ± 0.19 | 29.4 | 85.5 | T = 1.25 | m: F = 23.4, | P < 0.001 |
| f: 0.77 ± 0.12 | 15.9 | P = 0.22 | f: F = 12.4, | P < 0.001 | ||
| Combined ML-MTM length-r | m: 1.02 ± 0.17 | 16.8 | 87.9 | T = 1.92 | m: F = 3.3, | P < 0.01 |
| f: 1.17 ± 0.12 | 10.6 | P = 0.07 | f: F = 6.6, | P < 0.001 | ||
Data were collected from eight males and eight females, except for OEC size which was available only from four males.