Table 2.

Environmental concerns and adaptive responses in Lakes Chad, Chilwa and Naivasha (SMEs, small and medium enterprises; MAB, Man and Biosphere).

	Chad	Chilwa	Naivasha
main environmental concerns	reduced river flow; climate variability; habitat and community modification; unsustainable natural resource exploitation; siltation	deforestation; wetland degradation; increasing climatic variability; reduced river flows; high population growth; siltation	deforestation, overgrazing due to high population growth; water abstraction; organic pollution from agrochemicals; siltation
institutional framework	Lake Chad Basin Commission	district councils, no basin-wide authority	Lake Naivasha Management Implementation Committee
international treaties	—	Ramsar site; UNESCO MAB reserve	Ramsar site
adaptation measures	efficient irrigation technologies; inter-basin water transfer	afforestation; efficient irrigation technologies; development of SMEs; commodity value-addition	efficient irrigation technologies; payment for ecosystem services