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(Left) The water-soluble model is dissolved away from a silicone surround and then filled with contrast to allow visualization under fluoroscopy. This is the posterior view of the collecting system printed in Figure 2. The needle can be seen approaching the calix of interest. This replicates the prone position of PCNL puncture. (Right) The model being used by a trainee on the Oxford Stone Course to establish a percutaneous nephrolithotromy tract.
