Table 1.

Classification of frozen shoulder

Primary/idiopathic frozen shoulder

An underlying etiology or associated condition cannot be identified

Secondary frozen shoulder

An underlying etiology or associated condition can be identified

Intrinsic

In association with rotator cuff disorders (tendinitis and partial-thickness or full-thickness tears), biceps tendinitis, or calcific tendinitis

Extrinsic

In association with previous ipsilateral breast surgery, cervical radiculopathy, chest wall tumor, previous cerebrovascular accident, or more local extrinsic problems, including previous humeral shaft fracture, scapulothoracic abnormalities, acromioclavicular arthritis, or clavicle fracture

Systemic

Diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hypoadrenalism, etc.

See Reference [4]