Figure 2.

A diagram of direct and indirect effects of ES on microorganism growth. It is suggested that plasma transmembrane potential is related to the cell cycle processes. Low transmembrane potential facilitates cell proliferation, while high potential tends to inhibit it. Transmembrane potential of microbes differs from other cells, such as fibroblasts. Thus, different characteristics of the membrane of microbes might be responsible for inhibition of microbe proliferation by ES.¹⁹