Figure 3.

Electric fields (EFs) during neural development. (A) Effects of applied EFs on cultured neurons. In the absence of EF, neurite outgrowth has no directionality, whereas in an applied field, outgrowth is strongly directed toward the anode. (B) Direction and location of the EF before neural tube closure. (C) During vertebrate development, EF strength along the neural tube varies by anatomical location, with both rostal-caudal and lateral-midline gradients. Plot represents the fields in a stage 15 axolotl embryo. To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/wound