Table 3. Odds for failure of exclusive breastfeeding at discharge from NICU to home.
| (one infant per mother) | ||||||
| Unadjusted analyses | Adjusted analysis | |||||
| (N = 1007) | ||||||
| Infant and mother characteristics | N | Prev. | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Gestational age groups, GA 24 – 27 weeks | 1221 | 4% | 3.0 (1.7 – 5.5) | *** | 2.9 (1.3 – 6.4) | ** |
| GA 28 – 31 weeks | 18% | 1.6 (1.1 – 2.3) | * | 1.8 (1.1 – 2.9) | * | |
| GA 32 – 34 weeks | 48% | 1.0 (0.8 – 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7 – 1.4) | |||
| GA 35 – 36 weeks (ref) | 33% | 1 | 1 | |||
| Multiple birth | 1221 | 22% | 2.1 (1.6 – 2.9) | **** | 2.0 (1.4 – 2.9) | *** |
| Small for gestational age | 1211 | 16% | 1.7 (1.2 – 2.3) | ** | 1.2 (0.8 – 1.9) | |
| Gender, boys | 1221 | 53% | 1.4 (1.1 – 1.7) | * | 1.7 (1.3 – 2.3) | ** |
| Maternal education, high ( ref) | 1207 | 20% | 1 | 1 | ||
| Intermediate | 47% | 1.4 (1.0 – 2.0) | 1.3 (0.9 – 2.0) | |||
| Low | 33% | 1.5 (1.1 – 2.2) | * | 1.2 (0.8 – 1.9) | ||
| Breastfeeding experience, lenght of excl. BF | 1171 | |||||
| >4 mo. (ref) | 17% | 1 | 1 | |||
| 1 – 4 months | 14% | 2.0 (1.2 – 3.3) | ** | 1.6 (0.9 – 2.9) | ||
| < 1 month | 2% | 4.3 (1.7 – 11.0) | ** | 2.7 (0.9 – 8.5) | ||
| Not breastfed previous infants | 2% | 8.1 (3.4 – 19.2) | **** | 5.6 (2.0 – 15.9) | ** | |
| First time mothers | 65% | 2.0 (1.4 – 3.0) | ** | 1.4 (0.9 – 2.3) | ||
| Maternal smoking | 1210 | 10% | 1.9 (1.3 – 2.8) | ** | 2.2 (1.4 – 3.7) | ** |
| Mode of delivery, caesarean section | 1219 | 50% | 1.4 (1.1 – 1.8) | ** | 1.1 (0.8 – 1.5) | |
| Breastfeeding practices | ||||||
| Mother admitted together with infant to the NICU | 1207 | 29% | 0.6 (0.5 – 0.9) | ** | 0.8 (0.6 – 1.2) | |
| First breast milk expression, < 6 hours pp (ref) | 1183 | 22% | 1 | 1 | ||
| 6 – 12 hours pp | 40% | 1.1 (0.8 – 1.6) | 1.0 (0.7 – 1.6) | |||
| 12 – 24 hours pp | 24% | 1.2 (0.8 – 1.8) | 1.1 (0.7 – 1.8) | |||
| 24 – 48 hours pp | 12% | 1.7 (1.1 – 2.7) | * | 1.5 (0.8 – 2.6) | ||
| > 48 hours pp | 3% | 3.8 (1.8 – 8.3) | ** | 4.9 (1.9 – 12.6) | ** | |
| Been skin-to-skin with mother within 6 hours pp | 1217 | 58% | 0.6 (0.5 – 0.8) | **** | 1.1 (0.8 – 1.6) | |
| Nipple shield use | 1160 | 54% | 2.0 (1.5 – 2.6) | **** | 2.3 (1.6 – 3.2) | **** |
| Pacifier use, no pacifier | 1144 | 12% | 0.4 (0.2 – 0.6) | *** | 0.6 (0.3 – 1.0) | * |
| Minimizing use of a pacifier | 30% | 0.4 (0.3 – 0.6) | **** | 0.4 (0.3 – 0.6) | **** | |
| Unrestricted use of a pacifier (ref) | 59% | 1 | 1 | |||
| Test-weighing at most breastfeeds | 1160 | 30% | 0.7 (0.5 – 0.9) | * | 0.6 (0.4 – 0.8) | ** |
* = p < 0,05, ** = p< 0,01, *** = p< 0,001, **** = p< 0,0001.
BF = breastfeeding, CI = confidence interval, GA = Gestational age, N = Number included in unadjusted analyses, (N = 1007) = Number included in adjusted analysis NICU = Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, OR = odds ratio, pp = post partum, prev = prevalence.