Table 1.
Summary of all 46 population genetic and phylogeographic studies that focus on open ocean zooplankton
| Species name | Geographic area | Marker type | Sample size | Presence and scale of structure | Pairwise FST (range) | h | pi | Dev. neutr.? | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Planktonic copepods | |||||||||
| Labidocera aestiva | W. North Atlantic, US coast | Allozymes (6 loci) | 211 | Regional, within NW Atlantic | n.r. | N/A | N/A | N/A | Bucklin and Marcus (21) |
| Calanus australis | Tropical and subtropical Pacific | Allozymes (2 loci) | 328 | Panmixia, but high variation in this species | n.r. | N/A | N/A | N/A | Afanas'yev et al. (1) |
| Undinula darwinii | Tropical and subtropical Pacific | Allozymes (2 loci) | 742 | Isolation by distance observed (over 3000 km) | n.r. | N/A | N/A | N/A | Afanas'yev et al. (1) |
| Metridia pacifica | California Current | Allozymes (7 polymorphic loci) | n.r., >420 | Genetic heterogenity, weak or absent structure | 0.011–0.141 | N/A | N/A | N/A | Bucklin et al. (24) |
| Metridia pacifica | California Current | Allozymes (6 loci) | 3040 | Genetic heterogenity, some structure at mesoscale | n.r. | N/A | N/A | N/A | Bucklin (19) |
| Calanus finmarchicus | W. North Atlantic | mtDNA sequence (16S rRNA) | 1821 | Genetic heterogenity, but not structured | n.r. | n.r. | 0.0042 | n.r. | Bucklin and Kocher (20) |
| Calanus finmarchicus | Gulf of Maine | Allozymes, mtDNA RFLPs | 628 | Panmixia | 0.021–0.039 | N/A | n.r. | N/A | Kann and Wishner (83) |
| Calanus finmarchicus | W. North Atlantic and Norwegian Sea | mtDNA sequence (16S rRNA) | 1041 | Weak structure between NW Atlantic and Norwegian Sea | n.r. | 0.670 | 0.0061 | n.r. | Bucklin et al. (25) |
| Nannocalanus minor | NW and NE Atlantic | mtDNA sequence (16S rRNA) | 1551 | Panmixia within Types I and II | n.r. | 0.880 | 0.0232 | n.r. | Bucklin et al. (26) |
| Nannocalanus minor | W. subtropical North Atlantic | mtDNA sequence (16S rRNA) | 158 | n.r. | n.r. | 0.824 | 0.0050 | n.r. | Bucklin and Wiebe (23) |
| Calanus finmarchicus | Boreal North Atlantic | mtDNA sequence (16S rRNA) | 216 | n.r. | n.r. | 0.368 | 0.0037 | n.r. | Bucklin and Wiebe (23) |
| Calanus finmarchicus | Boreal North Atlantic | Nuclear SNPs (2 loci)+ and DNA sequence | 921 | Regional, among Iceland samples | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | Bucklin et al. (28) |
| Acartia clausi | Five Norwegian fjords (NE Atlantic) | mtDNA sequence (16S rRNA) | 96 | Between Norwegian Fjords | n.r. | 0.674 | 0.0026 | n.r. | Bucklin et al. (29) |
| Calanus helgolandicus, C. euxinus | NE Atlantic, Mediterranean, Black Sea | mtDNA sequence (COI, cyt b) | 721 | Between basins | 0.000–0.524 | 0.703 | 0.0028 | Yes | Papadopoulos et al. (118) |
| Eucalanus spinifer | Global | mtDNA sequence (COI) | 3831 | Between basins and central gyres | 0.000–0.587 | 0.487 | 0.0022 | Yes | Goetze (64) |
| Eucalanus hyalinus | Global | mtDNA sequence (COI) | 450 | Between basins and central gyres | 0.000–0.826 | 0.887 | 0.0276 | Yes | Goetze (64) |
| Calanus helgolandicus, C. euxinus | NE Atlantic, Mediterranean, Black Sea | mtDNA sequence (COI) | 991 | Regional, between basins, European Seas | 0.316–0.509 | 0.860 | n.r. | n.r. | Unal et al. (155) |
| Macrosetella gracilis | North Pacific, North Atlantic | mtDNA sequence (COI) | 1491 | Within and between basins | 0.117–0.235 | 0.899 | 0.0168 | No | Eberl et al. (51) |
| Calanus pacificus | Boreal North Pacific | mtDNA sequence (COI) | 398 | Between coastal and open ocean sites | 0.060–0.750 | 0.912 | 0.0089 | n.r. | Nuwer et al. (113) |
| Calanus finmarchicus | Boreal North Atlantic | mtDNA sequence, Microsats | 313 | Panmixia | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | Provan et al. (131) |
| Calanus glacialis | N Atlantic, Arctic, N Pacific | mtDNA sequence (16S rRNA) | 4431 | Strong structure between Pacific and Arctic Ocean | 0.000–0.680 | 0.295 | n.r. | n.r. | Nelson et al. (105) |
| Disseta palumbii | equatorial W Pacific, marginal seas | AFLPs | 341 | Between Sulu Sea vs other regions (clade B) | 0.000–0.018 | 0.236 | 0.0208 | n.r. | Machida and Nishida (95) |
| Calanus finmarchicus | Boreal North Atlantic | Nuclear SNPs (3 loci) | 3511 | Weak structure, within and between regions | 0.000–0.240 | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | Unal and Bucklin (154) |
| Subeucalanus pileatus | Global | mtDNA sequence (16S rRNA) | 204 | Within and between basins | 0.000–0.997 | 0.439 | 0.0023 | n.r. | Goetze (66) |
| Clausocalanus lividus | North Pacific, North Atlantic | mtDNA sequence (COI) | 871 | Clade divergence, between basins | 0.000–1.000 | 0.874 | 0.0337 | No | Blanco-Bercial et al. (16) |
| Clausocalanus arcuicornis | Global | mtDNA sequence (COI) | 961 | Within and between basins | 0.0618–0.301 | 0.958 | 0.0180 | Yes | Blanco-Bercial et al. (16) |
| Acartia tonsa – lineage X | W. North Atlantic, US coast | mtDNA (COI) and nucDNA (ITS1) sequence | 88 | Little geographic structure, invasive | n.r. | 0.620 (mt) | 0.0024 | No | Chen and Hare (35) |
| Acartia tonsa – lineage F | W. North Atlantic, US coast | mtDNA (COI) and nucDNA (ITS1) sequence | 104 | Regional | n.r. | 0.974 (mt) | 0.0290 | No | Chen and Hare (35) |
| Acartia tonsa - lineage S | W. North Atlantic, US coast | mtDNA (COI) and nucDNA (ITS1) sequence | 132 | Regional | n.r. | 0.738 (mt) | 0.0055 | Yes | Chen and Hare (35) |
| Calanus helgolandicus, C. euxinus | North Atlantic, European Seas | mtDNA sequence (16S rRNA) | 3161 | Within and between basins, European Seas | 0.000–0.744 | 0.529 | 0.0033 | Yes | Yebra et al. (163) |
| Pleuromamma xiphias | Global | mtDNA sequence (COI) | 651 | Within and between basins, >100s km | 0.000–0.793 | 0.799 | 0.0136 | Yes | Goetze (67) |
| Haloptilus longicornis | Global | mtDNA sequence (COII) | 1059 | Within and between basins, >100s km | 0–0.46 | 0.800 | 0.0200 | Yes | Norton and Goetze (in press) |
| Other crustaceans | |||||||||
| Euphausia superba | Weddell Sea, Scotia Sea, Antartic Peninsula | Allozymes (7 polymorphic loci) | 381 | Panmixia | n.r. | N/A | N/A | N/A | Schneppenheim and Macdonald (139) |
| Euphausia krohnii | W. North Atlantic, US coast, slope | Allozymes (8 polymorphic loci) | 951 | Genetic heterogeneity, but not structured | n.r. | N/A | N/A | N/A | Bucklin and Wiebe (22) |
| Nematocelis megalops | W. North Atlantic, US coast, slope | Allozymes (7 polymorphic loci) | 161 | Genetic heterogeneity, but not structured | n.r. | N/A | N/A | N/A | Bucklin and Wiebe (22) |
| Euphausia crystallorophias | Bransfield St, Elephant Is, Wedell Sea | Allozymes (6 polymorphic loci) | 612 | Panmixia | n.r. | N/A | N/A | N/A | Kuhl and Schneppenheim (87) |
| Euphausia superba | Bransfield St, Elephant Is, Wedell Sea | Allozymes (8 polymorphic loci) | 1044 | Panmixia | n.r. | N/A | N/A | N/A | Kuhl and Schneppenheim (87) |
| Euphausia superba | Circumpolar, Southern Ocean | Allozymes (8 polymorphic loci) | 880 | Panmixia | 0.000–0.004 | N/A | N/A | N/A | Fevolden and Scheppenheim (56) |
| Meganyctiphanes norvegica | Norwegian and Greenland Seas | Allozymes (5 polymorphic loci) | 1043 | Panmixia | n.r. | N/A | N/A | N/A | Sundt and Fevolden (148) |
| Meganyctiphanes norvegica | North Atlantic | mtDNA sequence (COI, cyt b) | 1011 | Between Norwegian Sea and NW Atlantic, basin scale | n.r. | 0.685 (COI), 0.908 (cyt b) | 0.0038 (COI), 0.0182 (cyt b) | n.r. | Bucklin et al. (27) |
| Euphausia superba | Ross Sea to Wedell Sea (4 sites) | mtDNA sequence (ND1) | 249 | South Georgia distinct from Wedell Sea | 0.000–0.021 | 0.850 | 0.0138 | Yes | Zane et al. (164) |
| Meganyctiphanes norvegica | NE Alantic and Mediterranean Sea | mtDNA sequence (ND1), SSCP | 1385 | Between basins, European Seas | 0.000–0.641 | 0.560 | 0.0038 | No | Zane et al. (165) |
| Euphausia crystallorophias | Davis Sea to WA Peninsula (3 regions) | mtDNA sequence (COI), SSCP | 232 | Genetic heterogeneity, but not structured | 0.027–0.087 | n.r. | n.r. | Yes | Jarman et al. (80) |
| Nematoscelis difficilis | California Current | mtDNA sequence (COI) | 149 | Panmixia | n.r. | 0.794 | n.r. | n.r. | Bucklin et al. (30) |
| Meganyctiphanes norvegica | Boreal and subarctic N. Atlantic, European Seas | mtDNA sequence (ND1), SSCP | 982 | Primarily between basins, European Seas | 0.000–0.128 | 0.445 | 0.0050 | n.r. | Papetti et al. (119) |
| Euphausia superba | Scotia Sea, distinct swarms | mtDNA sequence (COI) | 504 | Panmixia | 0.000–0.022 | 0.999 | 0.0110 | Yes | Goodall-Copestake et al. (68) |
| Euphausia superba | Western Antarctic Peninsula | mtDNA SNPs (in cyt b, 4 sites) | 5851 | Weak or absent spatial structure, temporal differentiation | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | Batta-Lona et al. (8) |
| Euphausia superba | Circumpolar, Southern Ocean | mtDNA sequence (ND1), Microsats | 660 | Panmixia | 0.000–0.024 | 0.856 | 0.0139 | Yes | Bortolotto et al. (17) |
| Chaetognaths | |||||||||
| Parasagitta elegans | Japanese coastal waters | Allozymes (8 polymorphic loci) | 194 | Weak structure between Sea of Japan and Oyashio | n.r. | N/A | N/A | N/A | Thuesen et al. (152) |
| Sagitta setosa | NE Atlantic, Mediterranean, Black Sea | mtDNA sequence (COII) | 821 | Strong structure, between basins | n.r. | 1.000 | 0.0221 | Yes | Peijnenburg et al. (121) |
| Sagitta elegans | North East Atlantic | mtDNA sequence (COII) | 371 | Panmixia | 0.000–0.177 | 1.000 | 0.0612 | Yes | Peijnenburg et al. (122) |
| Sagitta setosa | North East Atlantic | mtDNA sequence (COII) | 321 | Panmixia | 0.000–0.126 | 1.000 | 0.0208 | Yes | Peijnenburg et al. (122) |
| Sagitta setosa | NE Atlantic, Mediterranean, Black Sea | mtDNA RFLP (COII), Microsats | 1739 | Strong structure, between basins | 0.000–0.827 (mt), 0.000–0.037 (nuc) | 0.370 | 0.009 | n.r. | Peijnenburg et al. (123) |
| Cnidaria | |||||||||
| Pelagia noctiluca | E Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea | mtDNA (COI) and nucDNA (ITS1, ITS2) sequence | 144 | No structure, probable admixture between Med and Atl | 0.000 - 0.095 (mt), 0.000 - 0.004 (nuc) | 0.96 (mt), 0.723 (nuc) | 0.0116 (mt), 0.0031 (nuc) | Yes | Stopar et al. (147) |
| Ctenophora | |||||||||
| Mnemiopsis leidyi | NW Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico (non native areas: Eurasia) | Microsatellites (6 loci used) | 467 | Between two source populations (New England, Gulf of Mexico) | 0.000–0.268 | N/A | N/A | n.r. | Reusch et al. (133) |
Only studies that address population subdivision and genetic structure are included. Columns are: Species name, including specific genetic lineages if relevant; Geographic area, the geographic coverage of sampling; Marker type, the genetic marker(s) used to infer population structure; Sample size, for the species listed only, in allozyme studies this is the maximum number of alleles for any locus/2 (typically reported as No. alleles surveyed, not individuals); Presence and Scale of Structure, the geographic scale over which population structure was inferred to occur; Pairwise FST, range of FST values among individual population samples; h, haplotype diversity; pi, nucleotide diversity; Neutr?, if significant deviations from neutrality were observed in Tajima's D, Fu and Li's, or Rozas's R2 tests. Note that calculations of h, pi, and neutrality tests are only applicable to mtDNA markers because these are haploid and hence gametic phase is known. N/A, not applicable; n.r., not reported; NS, nonsignificant.
In the sample size column indicates studies in which over 1/4 of the population samples had N < 15 individuals sampled. Inferences of population structure may be influenced by low sample size in these studies.