. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Feb 20.

Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Q. 2013 Feb 22;94(5):1346–1371. doi: 10.1111/ssqu.12007

Table 3.

Implication of Parental Response to Inadequate Performance: CDS

	Achievement Distribution
	5^th – 50^th %tile		51^st – 95^th %tile
	Read	Math	Read	Math
*Punitive (vs. Non-Punitive Group)*
Mild	−0.28^* (0.12)	−0.92^*** (0.12)	−0.12 (0.22)	−0.36 (0.19)
Acute	−0.68^*** (0.19)	−0.73^*** (0.20)	−4.06^*** (0.58)	−2.90^*** (0.55)
Constant	68.20^*** (0.68)	85.85^*** (0.60)	−77.13^*** (1.22)	89.24^*** (0.96)
R²	.36	.21	.20	.21
*Non-Punitive (vs. Punitive Group)*
Contact Faculty	1.30^*** (0.23)	1.88^*** (0.26)	−1.18^*** (0.32)	−0.33 (0.28)
Help More	0.10 (0.15)	0.71^*** (0.15)	0.60^* (0.29)	0.60^* (0.25)
Contact Faculty & Help More	0.70^*** (0.14)	0.69^*** (0.14)	0.75^** (0.24)	0.51^* (0.21)
Monitor/Encourage	−0.97^*** (0.22)	1.39^*** (0.23)	2.86^*** (0.46)	2.84^*** (0.35)
Constant	67.89^*** (0.67)	85.09^*** (0.59)	74.68^*** (1.21)	89.06^*** (0.95)
R²	.36	.21	.21	.22

Note: Coefficients are unstandardized. Numbers in parentheses are standard errors. Estimates in the top panel were obtained from an equation in which both forms of punitive responses were included, along with controls for race, parents’ education, household income, family structure, youths’ sex, grade in school, prior achievement, other form of response to inadequate performance, and a flag or “missing information” measure for each predictor—coded as 0 if not missing and 1 if missing. The findings in the bottom panel were obtained from an equation that includes all forms of non-punitive measures and the aforementioned controls. The parenting measures are from CDS-I and the measures for youths’ academic achievement are from CDS-II. Unweighted N = 1041.

p < .05

^**

p < .01

^***

p < .001 (two-tailed tests)