Figure 2.

Consequences of oligodendrocyte–microglia cross-talk. Microglia, as polarized or intermediate phenotypes⁴⁵ release a plethora of factors. Such production of chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors may induce mild damage to death of oligodendrocytes (A) or, conversely, promote neuroprotection and repair including recruitment of oligodendrocyte progenitors (B). Oligodendrocytes also interact with, and respond to microglia via production of various factors and production and uptake of exosomes. Abbreviations: GluR, glutamate receptor; HSPs, heat-shock proteins; IFN, interferon; IL-1, interleukin 1β; LT, lymphotoxin; MMP2–9, matrix metalloproteinase 2–9; NO, nitric ocide; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TCR, T-cell receptor; tumour growth factor-β; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α