Table 2.

Expression and impact of immune markers on oligodendrocytes

Immune marker	Marker expression	Impact of expression	References
MHC	MHC I HLA E (human oligodendrocytes); NK2GC and NK2GA ligand NK2GD ligands MHC II (in vitro)	Antigen presentation and target for oligodendrocyte and/or myelin-specific T cells	60,61
Complement	A range of complement factors and inhibitors expressed on oligodendrocytes have been described almost mainly restricted to cells in vitro. e.g. CD59, DAF	Complement mediated damage	62–65
Glutamate receptors	α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, kainate receptors	Over-expression of glutamate by microglia may induce excitotoxic death of oligodendrocytes	28–31
Chemokines	CXCL10, CCL3, CCL2, CCL5 CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4	Recruitment of microglia and macrophages	66
Cytokines	TNF-family, TNF-R1, R2 TRAIL 2, TRAIL 4 IL-6, IL-8, IL-18 IL-2R, IL-4R, IL-6R, IL-7R (mouse), IL-10R, IL-11αR, IL-12R, IL-18R IFN-γR	TNF-α mediated damage and repair. Cytokine and receptor expression recruits microglia	67–69
TLR	TLR2 (rat/human) TLR3 (rat/human)	Activation by TLR ligands	70–72
Heat shock proteins	HSPB5 expressed by oligodendrocytes in MS	HSPB5 activates human microglia, in vitro inducing repair mechanism and OPC recruitment factors	73
Apoptosis	FAS receptor (FasR; CD95,) Fas ligand (FasL, CD95L) p75NTR, TRAIL	Susceptibility to Fas/Fas ligand-induced apoptosis	74–79
CD200	Expression in vivo	May aid immune regulation of microglia expressing CD200R	80

HSPB5, heat-shock protein B5; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MS, multiple sclerosis; OPC, oligodendrocyte progenitor cell; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.