Figure 3.

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) treatment reduces activation of astrocytes induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) injection. Western blot analysis showed a significant expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the substantia nigra. PEA treatment significantly reduced the activation of astrocytes after MPTP injection. The relative expression of the protein band (∼47 000 molecular weight) was standardized for densitometric analysis to β-actin levels, and reported as mean ± SEM from n = 5 or n = 6 brains for each group. *^**P < 0·001 versus sham, ^###P < 0·001 versus MPTP + vehicle. Modified from Esposito et al.¹⁵⁰(Figure 10, © Esposito et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License).