Table 1.
Associations between health, demographic, socio-economic and environmental factors and PWL in adults with OA (n = 612)
| Adjusted OR |
Final model OR |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factors | Number (%) who experience PWL | ORa | 95% CI | ORb | 95 %CI |
| Age | 1 | ||||
| 1.07 | 0.99, 1.15 | 1.07 | 0.99, 1.15 | ||
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 49 (16.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Male | 99 (31.2) | 1.95 | 1.28, 2.97 | 1.97 | 1.28, 3.04 |
| Educational attainment | |||||
| Further | 26 (21.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| School only | 122 (25.3) | 0.80 | 0.47, 1.35 | 0.86 | 0.50, 1.48 |
| Occupational classification | |||||
| Managerial/professional | 42 (27.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Intermediate | 25 (26.6) | 0.89 | 0.48, 1.63 | 0.78 | 0.42, 1.45 |
| Routine | 80 (22.2) | 0.69 | 0.43, 1.11 | 0.65 | 0.40, 1.06 |
| Pain interference | |||||
| None/a little | 92 (21.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Moderate/quite a bit/extremely | 56 (31.6) | 1.58 | 1.05, 2.36 | 1.51 | 1.00, 2.27 |
| Number of joints with pain | |||||
| 0 | 35 (29.4) | 1 | — | — | |
| 1 | 30 (17.1) | 0.52 | 0.29, 0.91 | ||
| 2 | 33 (22.5) | 0.67 | 0.38, 1.18 | ||
| 3 | 29 (29.0) | 1.06 | 0.58, 1.93 | ||
| 4 | 14 (26.4) | 0.95 | 0.45, 2.00 | ||
| Number of pains | |||||
| 0 | 41 (30.6) | 1 | — | — | |
| 1–5 | 38 (19.0) | 0.51 | 0.30, 0.86 | ||
| ≥6 | 69 (24.8) | 0.74 | 0.46, 1.18 | ||
| Comorbidity | |||||
| Low comorbidity (0–3) | 99 (24.3) | 1 | — | — | |
| Multimorbidity (≥4) | 49 (23.9) | 1.03 | 0.69, 1.55 | ||
| Depression | |||||
| Non-case (0–7) | 126 (23.8) | 1 | — | — | |
| Possible/probable case (8–21) | 22 (27.9) | 1.28 | 0.73, 2.22 | ||
| Anxiety | |||||
| Non-case (0–7) | 91 (24.7) | 1 | — | — | |
| Possible/probable case (8–21) | 57 (23.7) | 0.99 | 0.67, 1.46 | ||
| BMI | |||||
| Normal (20–24.9 kg/m−2) | 48 (24.98) | 1 | 1 | — | — |
| Underweight (<20) | 4 (40.0) | 2.07 | 0.53, 8.07 | ||
| Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 55 (20.9) | 0.68 | 0.43, 1.07 | ||
| Obese (>30 kg/m2) | 40 (30.3) | 1.25 | 0.75, 2.08 | ||
| Control of health | |||||
| Can control health | 135 (23.7) | 1 | — | — | |
| Can’t control health | 13 (30.2) | 1.47 | 0.73, 2.96 | ||
| Physically demands of job | |||||
| Not physically demanding | 104 (26.9) | 1 | — | — | |
| Physically demanding | 44 (19.6) | 0.64 | 0.42, 0.96 | ||
| Co-worker support | |||||
| Good co-worker support | 119 (21.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Low co-worker support | 29 (46.0) | 3.26 | 1.87, 5.68 | 3.11 | 1.78, 5.42 |
OR = 1 for each referent subgroup in multivariate comparisons. aOR adjusted for potential confounders (age, gender and socio-economic status). bOR adjusted for age, gender, socio-economic status and factors significantly associated with PWL after adjustment for potential confounders.