Figure 2. Hazard Ratios for Death from Any Cause in Subgroups.

Multivariate hazard ratios for death from any cause among study participants who consumed nuts two or more times per week versus those who never consumed nuts were adjusted for age; race; body-mass index; level of physical activity; status with regard to smoking, whether a physical examination was performed for screening purposes, current multivitamin use, and current aspirin use; status with regard to a family history of diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, or cancer; status with regard to a history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia; intake of total energy, alcohol, red or processed meat, fruits, and vegetables; and, for women, menopausal status and hormone use. For further details of these variables, see Figure S1 in the Supplementary Appendix. Results were pooled with the use of the random-effects model. P>0.05 for heterogeneity between women and men in all categories of nut consumption. The risk estimates for other categories of nut consumption are shown in Table S9 in the Supplementary Appendix. Horizontal lines represent 95% confidence intervals.