Table 2.
Total Mortality, According to Frequency of Nut Consumption.*
| Variable | Frequency of Nut Consumption | P Value for Trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never | Less Than Once per Week | Once per Week | Two to Four Times per Week | Five or Six Times per Week | Seven or More Times per Week | ||
| Women | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| No. of person-years | 390,915 | 973,667 | 384,892 | 311,509 | 44,677 | 29,822 | |
|
| |||||||
| No. of deaths | 3343 | 7486 | 2663 | 2169 | 337 | 202 | |
|
| |||||||
| Age-adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.66–0.71) | 0.59 (0.56–0.62) | 0.54 (0.51–0.57) | 0.60 (0.53–0.67) | 0.67 (0.58–0.77) | <0.001 |
|
| |||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | 0.88 (0.83–0.92) | 0.85 (0.80–0.90) | 0.88 (0.78–0.98) | 0.79 (0.68–0.91) | <0.001 |
|
| |||||||
| Men | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| No. of person-years | 130,848 | 228,338 | 217,025 | 237,617 | 49,416 | 40,127 | |
|
| |||||||
| No. of deaths | 1860 | 2801 | 2518 | 2843 | 671 | 536 | |
|
| |||||||
| Age-adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.70–0.79) | 0.76 (0.71–0.80) | 0.69 (0.65–0.73) | 0.69 (0.63–0.76) | 0.67 (0.61–0.74) | <0.001 |
|
| |||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.85–0.96) | 0.91 (0.86–0.97) | 0.89 (0.83–0.94) | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) | 0.80 (0.73–0.88) | <0.001 |
|
| |||||||
| Pooled† | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | 0.89 (0.86–0.93) | 0.87 (0.83–0.90) | 0.85 (0.79–0.91) | 0.80 (0.73–0.86) | <0.001 |
Multivariate analyses were adjusted for age; race; body-mass index; level of physical activity; status with regard to smoking, whether a physical examination was performed for screening purposes, current multivitamin use, and current aspirin use; status with regard to a family history of diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, or cancer; status with regard to a history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia; intake of total energy, alcohol, red or processed meat, fruits, and vegetables; and, in women, menopausal status and hormone use. For further details of these variables, see Figure S1 in the Supplementary Appendix. Frequency of nut consumption pertains to one serving of nuts, defined as 28 g.
Results from the multivariate model were combined with the use of the random-effects model. P>0.05 for heterogeneity between women and men in all categories of nut consumption.