Table 1.
Sociodemographic and Pregnancy Characteristics by Cotinine Testing and Toxicology Screening Status
| Characteristic - Weighted %* | Cotinine Testing | Toxicology Screening | Cotinine Testing Toxicology Screening |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | P | No | Yes | P | No | Yes | P | |
| Stillbirth pregnancies | |||||||||
| Unweighted sample size, n | 84 | 579 | 245 | 418 | 283 | 380 | |||
| Weighted sample size, nw | 87 | 576 | 258 | 405 | 296 | 367 | |||
| Maternal age at delivery (years) | |||||||||
| <20 | 13.9 | 13.1 | 0.666 | 15.3 | 11.8 | 0.357 | 15.9 | 11.0 | 0.256 |
| 20–34 | 67.1 | 70.1 | 70.3 | 69.3 | 69.2 | 70.1 | |||
| 35–39 | 15.9 | 11.9 | 10.0 | 13.9 | 10.8 | 13.7 | |||
| 40+ | 3.1 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 4.9 | 4.1 | 5.2 | |||
| Maternal race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 18.4 | 35.7 | <0.001 | 19.3 | 42.5 | <.001 | 20.2 | 44.1 | <.001 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 41.5 | 20.6 | 31.8 | 17.9 | 32.8 | 15.7 | |||
| Hispanic | 31.3 | 37.1 | 40.9 | 33.3 | 39.5 | 33.7 | |||
| Other | 8.8 | 6.7 | 8.0 | 6.3 | 7.5 | 6.5 | |||
| Insurance/method of payment | |||||||||
| No insurance | 9.7 | 5.4 | 0.290 | 6.9 | 5.3 | 0.020 | 8.0 | 4.3 | 0.005 |
| Any public/private assistance | 50.8 | 54.0 | 59.5 | 49.8 | 57.9 | 50.1 | |||
| VA/commercial health ins/HMO | 39.6 | 40.7 | 33.6 | 44.9 | 34.1 | 45.7 | |||
| Gestational age (weeks) | |||||||||
| 18–19 | 3.6 | 2.3 | 0.123 | 4.7 | 1.1 | 0.028 | 4.1 | 1.2 | 0.014 |
| 20–23 | 46.3 | 32.0 | 38.2 | 31.1 | 39.1 | 29.6 | |||
| 24–27 | 16.5 | 15.7 | 15.8 | 15.9 | 15.8 | 15.9 | |||
| 28–31 | 10.9 | 13.0 | 9.7 | 14.6 | 9.7 | 15.2 | |||
| 32–36 | 11.2 | 19.9 | 17.2 | 19.8 | 16.7 | 20.5 | |||
| 37+ | 11.4 | 17.0 | 14.4 | 17.5 | 14.6 | 17.6 | |||
| Live birth pregnancies | |||||||||
| Unweighted sample size, n | 387 | 1,545 | 882 | 1,050 | 1,041 | 891 | |||
| Weighted sample size, nw | 256 | 1,183 | 565 | 874 | 697 | 742 | |||
| Maternal age at delivery (years) | |||||||||
| <20 | 13.9 | 9.5 | 0.029 | 11.7 | 9.4 | 0.465 | 12.4 | 8.4 | 0.019 |
| 20–34 | 71.4 | 76.6 | 75.0 | 76.1 | 73.9 | 77.3 | |||
| 35–39 | 10.6 | 12.2 | 11.1 | 12.5 | 10.9 | 12.9 | |||
| 40+ | 4.1 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 1.5 | |||
| Maternal race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 38.9 | 47.3 | <.001 | 36.1 | 52.1 | <.001 | 37.9 | 53.2 | <.001 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 22.5 | 9.4 | 18.8 | 7.2 | 17.4 | 6.4 | |||
| Hispanic | 29.2 | 36.1 | 37.8 | 32.9 | 36.7 | 33.1 | |||
| Other | 9.4 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 7.2 | |||
| Insurance/method of payment | |||||||||
| No insurance | 3.1 | 3.6 | 0.476 | 3.9 | 3.4 | 0.022 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 0.007 |
| Any public/private assistance | 52.1 | 47.9 | 53.2 | 45.7 | 53.1 | 44.5 | |||
| VA/commercial health ins/HMO | 44.8 | 48.5 | 43.0 | 50.9 | 43.4 | 52.0 | |||
| Gestational age (weeks) | |||||||||
| 20–23 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.291 | 0.5 | 0.3 | <.001 | 0.4 | 0.3 | <.001 |
| 24–27 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.3 | |||
| 28–31 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 0.4 | |||
| 32–36 | 10.6 | 8.2 | 13.0 | 5.8 | 11.6 | 5.8 | |||
| 37+ | 86.9 | 89.8 | 83.1 | 93.2 | 85.1 | 93.2 | |||
HMO, health maintenance organization.
Weighted percentages and p-values are shown by analysis inclusion status, i.e., whether specific testing (cotinine, toxicology, cotinine and toxicology) was done. The weights take into account the study design and differential consent based on characteristics recorded on all eligible pregnancies that were screened for the study. Unweighted and weighted samples sizes are also provided. The weighted sample sizes are not integers, but are shown rounded to the nearest integer. Sample sizes vary slightly by characteristic included in the table. Nw is a count of the observations according to their relative weight in the analysis.