Table 2. Mean estimates (mean) and empirical standard deviations (SD) of QTL effect for different association analyses across a range of relative QTL effects and heritabilities (h²) in simulated human and pig pedigrees.

h2		Human								Pig
	QTL Effect	MG		GRAMMAR		EBV		IF		MG		GRAMMAR		EBV		IF
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
30%	0.5%	4.01	1.83	2.55	1.18	1.49	0.83	4.02	1.86	4.09	2.01	2.15	1.09	2.64	2.05	4.36	2.85
	1%	3.97	1.37	2.53	0.91	1.45	0.64	3.70	1.38	4.05	1.52	2.11	0.82	2.24	1.65	4.15	2.20
	2%	3.98	0.95	2.52	0.65	1.47	0.53	3.99	0.98	4.01	1.04	2.09	0.61	1.95	1.26	3.96	1.57
	3%	3.97	0.79	2.51	0.53	1.46	0.49	3.96	0.81	3.97	0.86	2.09	0.53	1.90	1.10	3.97	1.25
50%	0.5%	3.90	1.86	1.74	0.86	2.20	1.23	3.91	1.97	4.00	1.93	1.55	0.79	3.45	2.69	4.60	3.14
	1%	3.96	1.38	1.77	0.67	2.20	0.95	3.96	1.46	3.97	1.48	1.54	0.63	2.82	2.05	4.08	2.48
	2%	4.04	1.01	1.81	0.54	2.25	0.70	4.06	1.05	4.03	1.04	1.57	0.49	2.60	1.64	4.04	1.90
	3%	4.05	0.78	1.80	0.42	2.26	0.61	4.06	0.81	3.98	0.83	1.53	0.42	2.47	1.45	3.93	1.61
80%	0.5%	4.01	1.92	0.75	0.44	3.34	1.88	4.07	2.18	4.14	1.81	0.74	0.46	4.63	3.38	5.15	3.58
	1%	3.96	1.34	0.74	0.34	3.25	1.36	3.98	1.52	4.02	1.40	0.74	0.39	3.80	2.66	4.38	2.86
	2%	3.94	0.96	0.73	0.23	3.18	0.99	3.91	1.09	3.98	0.97	0.73	0.35	3.49	2.13	4.14	2.22
	3%	3.98	0.80	0.74	0.28	3.25	0.83	3.99	0.89	3.99	0.78	0.74	0.35	3.26	1.77	3.96	1.80

The simulated QTL effect was always 4. MG, measured genotype; GRAMMAR, genome-wide rapid association using mixed model and regression; EBV, estimated breeding value; IF, ignoring family.