Figure 2. Causes of AKI in patients.

From left to right:postrenal obstruction; prerenal causes, including decreased cardiac output or loss of blood (DCO or LB), use of mannitol, hypoproteinemia, decreased intravascular fluid volume (DIFV), shock, and hepatorenal syndrome; renal causes, including AKI in chronic kidney disease (A/C), infection, use of drugs, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), tumors, nephritis, nephrotoxins, septicemia, epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF), radiocontrast agents, ketoacidosis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).