Table 3.
Risk factors of study participants and serum vitamin B12 levels
| Variable | <240 pg/ml N = 80 (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% C.I.) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95% C.I.) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
| Male |
62 (35.6) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| Female |
18 (17) |
0.35 (0.20-0.67) |
0.001 |
0.4 (0.22 - 0.73) |
0.003 |
|
Age |
|
|
|
|
|
| ≤ 40 |
62 (27) |
1 |
|
|
|
| 41 - 60 |
16 (36.4) |
1.55 (0.79-3.06) |
0.207 |
|
|
| ≥ 61 |
2 (33.3) |
1.35 (0.24-7.58) |
0.73 |
|
|
|
Diarrhoea (> 1 month) |
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
75 (27.8) |
1 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
5 (50.0) |
2.6 (0.73-9.24) |
0.14 |
|
|
|
Duration of psychiatric illness |
|
|
|
|
|
| < 3 years |
26 (19.7) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| ≥ 3 years |
54 (36.5) |
2.34 (1.36-4.06) |
0.002 |
2.27 (1.29 - 3.98) |
0.004 |
|
Duration of hospitalisation |
|
|
|
|
|
| ≥ 3 weeks |
74 (27.4) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| < 3 weeks |
6 (60.0) |
3.97 (1.09-14.48) |
0.037 |
4.01 (1.02 - 15.79) |
0.047 |
|
Alcohol consumption |
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
57 (29.8) |
1 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
23 (25.8) |
0.82 (0.46-1.44) |
0.491 |
|
|
|
Anticonvulsants |
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
64 (26.8) |
1 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
16 (39.0) |
1.75 (0.88-3.49) |
0.112 |
|
|
|
*Duration of anticonvulsants |
|
|
|
|
|
| ≤ 4 years |
11 (32.4) |
1 |
|
|
|
| >4 years |
5 (83.3) |
10.46 (1.09 – 100.59) |
0.042 |
|
|
|
HIV test |
|
|
|
|
|
| Positive |
8 (30.8) |
1 |
|
|
|
| Negative |
72 (28.3) |
1.12 (0.47-2.70) |
0.795 |
|
|
|
Schizophrenia |
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
39 (23.5) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
| yes |
41 (36.0) |
1.8 (1.08-3.09) |
0.024 |
1.74 (1.00-3.02) |
0.049 |
|
Bipolar affective disorder |
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
54 (30.5) |
1 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
26 (25.2) |
0.77 (0.45-1.33) |
0.348 |
|
|
|
Depression |
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
77 (28.9) |
1 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
3 (21.4) |
0.67 (0.18-2.47) |
0.546 |
|
|
|
Organic brain syndrome |
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
79 (28.7) |
1 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
1 (20.0) |
0.62 (0.68-5.64) |
0.671 |
|
|
|
Mental retardation |
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
79 (28.4) |
1 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
1 (50.0) |
2.52 (0.16-40.77) |
0.515 |
|
|
|
Substance abuse |
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
74 (29.4) |
1 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
6 (21.4) |
0.66 (0.26-1.68) |
0.381 |
|
|
|
HIV associated psychosis |
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
78 (28.9) |
1 |
|
|
|
| Yes | 2 (20.0) | 0.61 (0.13-2.96) | 0.545 |
*Duration of Anticonvulsants: Participants who took Carbamazepine for the given periods. C.I. = Confidence Interval; OR = Odds Ratio.